Exam II: Cardiovascular System (Capillaries to Lymphatic Ducts)

Question 1

Blood flow into capillaries is controlled/influenced by:

Answer 1

• Metarterioles
• AVA’s (AV shunt- some locations only)
• Lumen size of terminal arteriole
• Pre-capillary sphincters

Question 2

Form tiny pockets though the cytoplasm of capillaries

Answer 2

Pinocytotic Vesicles

Question 3

Function of Pinocytotic vesicles

Answer 3

Movement of large molecules

Question 4

Cell junction located in capillaries

Answer 4

Fasclae occludens (between endothelial cells)

Question 5

Functions of cell junctions in capillaries

Answer 5

• Move macromolecules

- Allows cell movement

Question 6

Most common capillary type and locations present

Answer 6

Continuous capillaries

-muscle, connective tissue, many organs

Question 7

Cell often considered to be residual mesenchyme cells. They are numerous on capillaries and venules, can secrete basement membrane and matrix components.

Answer 7

Pericytes

Question 8

Pericytes ___ divide and can change into:

Answer 8

Can divide
Change into: 1) Endothelial cells 2) Smooth muscle cells 3) Fibroblasts (all 3 cells are important for tissue repair and maintenance )

Question 9

T/F Pericytes have contractile filaments

Answer 9

True

Question 10

Functions of pericytes

Answer 10

• Important for healing

- May regulate blood flow (hypothesis only)

Question 11

Modified continuous capillary in the CNS

Answer 11

• Zonula occludens instead of fasciae occludens

- Barrier regulation by endothelium, but influenced by astrocytes

Question 12

Name and location of capillaries that have pores with a thin protein diaphragm containing 8 fibrils

Answer 12

Fenestrated capillaries

-Pancreas, intestines, endocrine organs, kidneys

Question 13

Function of Fenestrated capillaries

Answer 13

To allow greater movement of molecules and cells

Question 14

Name and location of capillaries with an enlarged diameter and many large fenestrae with no protein diaphragm

Answer 14

Sinusoidal capillaries (sinusoids)

Question 15

Function of sinusoidal capillaries

Answer 15

Enhanced exchange between blood and tissues

Question 16

T/F Arteries and veins both have 3 tunics

Answer 16

True

Question 17

How are veins different from arteries?

Answer 17

Veins are:

• Not as uniform in structure
• Often larger
• Have higher numbers

Question 18

What makes up the valves of veins?

Answer 18

Valve consists of 2 flaps of tunica intima and fibroelastic connective tissue

Question 19

Functions of valves in veins

Answer 19

• Protection by preventing backflow

- Works with skeletal muscle to keep blood moving

Question 20

Venule with a tunica intima that has endothelium, small amount of connective tissue, and numerous pericytes. No tunica media or tunica adventitia present.

Answer 20

Postcapillary venules

Question 21

Venule with a tunica intima that have an endothelium and small amount of connective tissue. Also have a tunica adventitia composed of connective tissue, fibroblasts, and some pericytes. No tunica media is present.

Answer 21

Collecting venules

Question 22

Venules with a present tunica intima, a tunica media consisting of an incomplete smooth muscle layer, and a tunica adventitia present with a few pericytes (fewest of all types)

Answer 22

Muscular venules

Question 23

An incomplete tunica media allows products of inflammation(ex: histamine and leukotrienes) to loosen endothelial cell junctions causing:

Answer 23

Leaky venules

Question 24

Structure is similar to venules except these have a complete tunica media (still thin though)

Answer 24

Small veins

Question 25

Type of vein with a tunica intima that has endothelium, basal lamina, connective tissue with reticular fibers, sometimes elastic fiber network (but no IEL), a tunica media that has smooth muscle, collagen, and fibroblasts, and a tunica adventitia with connective tissue, collagen, elastic fibers, and a few smooth muscle cells. Vasa vasorum is possible.

Answer 25

Medium veins

Question 26

Veins where the tunica intima has thicker connective tissue with fibroblasts and a elastic fiber network, the tunica media is complete, but thin, and the tunica adventitia has much fibroelastic connective tissue and vasa vasorum

Answer 26

Large veins

Question 27

What is the thickest layer of large veins?

Answer 27

Tunica adventitia

Question 28

What is the exception to typical structure of veins for the superficial veins of legs?

Answer 28

Tunica media well developed (must fight gravity)

Question 29

What are the exceptions to typical structures of veins for the pulmonary veins?

Answer 29

- Tunica media is well developed | - Tunica adventitia has some cardiac muscle close to the heart

Question 30

What are the exceptions to typical structures of veins for the vena cava?

Answer 30

Tunica adventitia has some cardiac muscle close to the heart

Question 31

What are the exceptions to typical structures of veins for the inferior vena cava?

Answer 31

Tunica adventitia may possibly have some cardiac muscle close to the heart

Question 32

Enlarged and winding superficial veins in the leg. Possibly caused be loss of skeletal muscle tone around the veins, degeneration of the vessel wall, or valve incompetence

Answer 32

Varicose veins

Question 33

Varicose veins in lower esophagus. Common in alcoholics and is caused by portal hypertension

Answer 33

Esophageal varices

Question 34

Varicose veins at the end of the anal canal

Answer 34

Hemorrhoids

Question 35

Functions of lymphatic vessels

Answer 35

- Drain excess interstitial fluid - Transport lymph to lymph nodes (for foreign antigen detection in nodes) - Transport lymph to blood stream

Question 36

Differences of lymphatic capillaries from blood capillaries

Answer 36

- Blind ended (suddenly begin) - ***No pericytes*** - Endothelial cells can overlap, but create clefts between cells that allow for easy movement of materials into and out of vessels - No fenestrae and no tight junctions between endothelial cells - Contain bundles of lymphatic anchoring filaments

Question 37

What is the function of the lymphatic anchoring filaments in lymphatic capillaries?

Answer 37

Support endothelial walls so capillaries stay open

Question 38

What does the structure of small lymphatic vessels resemble?

Answer 38

Venules

Question 39

T/F Tunics of medium and large veins blend together more than medium and large lymphatic vessels

Answer 39

FALSE. | Medium and large lymphatic vessel tunics blend together more than medium and large veins

Question 40

What lympathic vessels has a tunica intima with endothelium and a thin layer of connective tissue with elastic fibers, a tunica media with thin smooth muscle layer, a tunica adventitia with connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers, and present and closely spaced valves?

Answer 40

Medium and Large Lymphatic Venules

Question 41

Lymphatic vessel that empties into the venous system at specific junctions

Answer 41

Lymphatic ducts

Question 42

Where does the Lymphatic duct empty into the venous system?

Answer 42

At the junction of the right internal jugular vein and subclavian veins

Question 43

What are the 2 lymphatic ducts?

Answer 43

Right Lymphatic Duct (shorter) | Thoracic Duct

Question 44

What lympathic vessel has a tunica intima has endothelium, several layers of collagen and elastic fibers, a layer of condensed elastic fibers (similar to internal elastic lamina), tunica media has longitduinal and circular layers of smooth muscle, and tunica adventitia has longitduinal smooth muscle cells, collagenous connective tissue, and vasa vasorum- like vessels?

Answer 44

Lymphatic duct