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Organ Histology > Exam II: Cardiovascular System (Heart to AV shunt) > Flashcards

Exam II: Cardiovascular System (Heart to AV shunt) Flashcards

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1
Q

Components of the circulatory system

A
  • Cardiovascular system to carry blood

- Lymphatic system to collect and transport lymph

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2
Q

Layers of the Endocardium

A
  • Endothelium
  • Looser connective tissue layer
  • More dense regular connective tissue layer
  • Subendocardial layer
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3
Q

Type of tissue in the endothelium of the endocardium

A

Simple squamous

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4
Q

What layers of the endocardium are collectively known as the subendothelial layer?

A

Looser connective tissue layer and More dense regular connective tissue layer

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5
Q

What are the differences between the 2 layers of the subendothelium of the endocardium?

A
  • Looser connective tissue layer is composed of fibroelastic connective tissue
  • Dense regular connective tissue layer is composed of more collagen 1, and elastic fibers, and some smooth muscle
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6
Q

What makes up the Subendocardial layer of the Endocardium?

A

Looser connective tissue with blood vessels, nerves, and Purkinje fibers

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7
Q

Modified cardiac myocytes found in the subendocardial layer of the endocardium

A

Purkinje fibers

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8
Q

Cells in the endocardium that contain fewer myofibrils that are peripherally placed, contain stored glycogen, and function to conduct contraction impulse rapidly

A

Purkinje fibers

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9
Q

How are Purkinje fibers attached?

A

Attached using Gap junction and Macula adherens (desmosomes)

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10
Q

Difference between the myocardium in the atria vs. the ventricles

A
  • Atria = less muscle and more elastic fibers

- Ventricles = very well developed muscular layer

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11
Q

What types of cell junctions are found in the Transverse and Longitduinal portions of the Intercalated discs of the Myocardium

A
  • Transverse(risers) = Macula adherens (desmosomes) and Fascia adherens
  • Longitudinal(steps) = Large gap junctions
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12
Q

Functions of Intercalated discs

A
  • Attach cardiac myocytes in a row
  • Attach and stabilize myofibrils
  • Cell to cell communication
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13
Q

What types of cellular junctions are associated with each function of the intercalated discs of the myocardium

A
  • Attach cardiac myocytes in a row using Macula adherens
  • Attach and stabilize myofibrils using fascia adherens
  • Cell to cell communication using large gap junctions
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14
Q

Autonomic nervous system effects on heart beat

A
  • Sympathetics = increase heart rate and contraction force

- Parasympathetics= decrease heart rate and contraction force.

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15
Q

Specialized cardiac muscle cells in the myocardium

A

Myoendocrine cells

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16
Q

Function of Myoendocrine cells

A

Hormone secretion in the atria and interventricular septum (specifically= surrounding capillaries)

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17
Q

Functions of hormones released from Myoendocrine cells

A

-Fluid and electrolyte balance
-Decrease blood pressure
(both help stabilize blood pressure)

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18
Q

What organs/structures are targeted by Myoendocrine cells?

A

Kidneys

Small arteries and arterioles

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19
Q

Epicardium

A

Visceral pericardium

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20
Q

What is found in the sub-epicardial layer of fibroelastic connective tissue?

A
  • Coronary vessels
  • Nerves
  • Sometimes- much adipose
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21
Q

What layer can adipose collection be a problem for the heart?

A

Sub-epicardial layer

TQ

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22
Q

Part of the epicardium that secretes a serous lubricating fluid

A

Mesothelium

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23
Q

T/F Both the epicardium and parietal pericardium are made up of fibroelastic tissue and mesothelium

A

True

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24
Q

What makes up the Pericardial sac?

A

Parietal pericardium

Fibrous pericardium

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25
Where is the pericardial cavity located? How much fluid is found inside the cavity?
It is located between the Parietal Pericardium and the Fibrous Pericardium. It holds 15-50 mL of fluid
26
General valve histology
Valves are made of endothelium with dense irregular connective tissue below (dense irregular = lots of collagen 1 and elastic fibers)
27
T/F Valves are considered almost avascular
True
28
The cardiac skeleton is made up of ____________________ connective tissue
Dense irregular connective tissue
29
3 main components of the cardiac skeleton
- Annuli fibrosi - Trigonum fibrosum - Septum membranaceum
30
Cardiac skeleton around the base of the aorta, pulmonary artery and the openings to the chambers
Annuli fibrosi
31
Cardiac skeleton by cusps of the aortic valve
Trigonum fibrosum
32
Cardiac skeleton on the upper portion of the interventricular septum
Septum membranaceum
33
Function of the septum membranaceum
Provides origin and insertion for cardiac myocytes
34
Tendon like component of the Cardiac skeleton
Chordae Tendinae
35
Chordae Tendinae is made up of _______________ connective tissue
Dense Regular
36
General function of the cardiac skeleton
Isolates atrial and ventricular myocardia to ensure individual chamber contractions
37
Chest pain usually brought on by exertion
Angina
38
Cause of angina
Slow progressive narrowing of coronary vessels therefore less oxygen
39
Abnormal heart rhythms
Dysrhythmia
40
What causes dysrhythmia
Results when damage or death occurs to Purkinje fibers and other conducting tissues
41
Infection in pericardial cavity and therefore inflammation of the serous pericardium
Pericarditis
42
What part of the blood vessel is a continuation of the endocardium?
Tunica intima
43
What part of the blood vessel is a continuation of the myocardium ?
Tunica media
44
What part of the blood vessel is a continuation of the epicardium (visceral pericardium)?
Tunica adventitia
45
Examples of conducting arteries
A.k.a. Elastic arteries | Ex: aorta, common iliacs, carotid, brachiocephalic, subclavian
46
What part of the elastic arteries has attenuated endothelium, thin/incomplete internal elastic lamina, thicker connective tissue with elastic fibers and collagen 1 and fibroblasts, and smooth muscular tissue?
Tunica intima
47
What part of the elastic arteries are primarily fenestrated sheets of elastic fibers with some collagen 1 and smooth muscle tissue, a possible thin external elastic lamina, and an outer portion typically containing a vasa vasorum?
Tunica media
48
What part of elastic arteries contains loose fibroelastic connective tissue and numerous vasa vasorum?
Tunica adventitia
49
Examples of distributing arteries
A.k.a. Muscular arteries | -brachial, radial, renal, femoral
50
What part of the muscular arteries is very thin, has an enodthelium, has some connective tissue, and has an internal elastic lamina?
Tunica intima
51
What part of muscular arteries has primarily smooth muscle cells, elastic, reticular fibers, chondroitin sulfate, a possible external elastic lamina, and is richly innervated with sympathetics?
Tunica media
52
What part of muscular arteries consists of fibroelastic connective tissue with sulfated GAG's, has fibroblasts, and a present vasa vasorum?
Tunica adventitia
53
T/F Arteriole lumen size is approximately equal to the width of the vessel wall
True
54
What part of the arteriole contains no internal elastic lamina?
Tunica elastic
55
What part of the arteriole contains no external elastic lamina?
Tunica media
56
Clinical aspects of elastic arteries and aging
- Width of elastic arteries increases into your 20's | - Number of elastic laminae increase in the tunica media
57
Clinical aspects of muscular arteries and aging
- Collagen and proteoglycans increase after middle age (decreased flexibility) - Coronary vessels are greatly affected
58
An increase in _______ blood pressure can occur around age __ due to a decrease in ________ fibers and an increase in collagen 1
Systolic 50 Elastic
59
Hardening of the arteries
Arteriosclerosis and/or Atherosclerosis
60
Clinical aspects of Atherosclerosis
- Occurs primarily in largest of the arteries - Blood vessel becomes infiltrated with soft lipids causing lumen diameter to decrease - Collagen 1 and sulfated GAG's can accumulate in another layer of the blood vessel
61
What layers of the blood vessel are affected in someone with Atherosclerosis?
``` Tunica intima (soft lipid accumulation) Tunica media (collagen I and sulfated GAG accumulation) ```
62
Short terminal arteriole branches that lack a true tunica media, lead to capillaries and venules, and allows blood to pulse through true capillaries
Metarterioles
63
Thicker tunica media and tunica adventitia that functions to control lumen size and therefore the amount of blood into the capillaries (using many ANS nerves)
AVA = Arteriovenous anastomosis = AV shunt
64
What is unique about an AV shunt? Where can they be found?
- They can bypass a capillary bed | - Found in skin, stomach, and erectile tissue

Organ Histology (4 decks)

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