Exam II: Respiratory System (Functions and Conducting Portion) Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
Functions of the Respiratory system
A
- Oxygen and CO2 exchange
- Olfaction
- Phonation
- Provide defense
- Condition air
2
Q
Examples of objects filtered in the large, medium, and small particle filters of the respiratory system
A
Large- bugs
Medium- dust and pollen
Small- bacteria and viruses
3
Q
Part of nasal cavity. Surface epithelium is keratinized stratified squamous, sebaceous and sweat glands are present, supported by hyaline cartilage, and contains a large particle filter.
A
Vestibule
4
Q
What acts as the large particle filter in the nasal vestibule?
A
Vibrissae
5
Q
Where is the respiratory region of the nasal cavity located?
A
Between the limen nasi and superior and middle concha
6
Q
Functions of the respiratory region
A
- Warm air
- Clean air
- Humidify air
- Provide defense
7
Q
Part of the nasal cavity. Surface epithelium is respiratory (ciliated pseudostratified columnar). Contains the medium particle filter.
A
Respiratory Region
8
Q
What makes up the Mucociliary Apparatus? What is the function of this structure?
A
Goblet and Ciliated Columnar cells
-Both function to act as the medium particle filter.
9
Q
Glands of the respiratory region are found in this layer
A
Lamina propria (LP)
10
Q
Type of gland found in the respiratory region
A
Seromucus glands
11
Q
Functions of Seromucus glands
A
- Produces mucus for mucociliary clearance and air humidity (mucus portion)
- Produces serous products like lysozymes, inferferons, and cytokines. Also air humidity. (Serous portion)
12
Q
This structure is also located in the Lamina propria (LP). It has many large venules that are typically partially filled.
A
Cavernous plexus
13
Q
Functions of the Cavernous plexus
A
- Warm air
- Humidify air
- Provide defense (inflammation)
14
Q
How does the cavernous plexus contribute to having a stuffy nose?
A
As blood volume increases, the venules enlarge and the lamina propria increases in size as the lumen size decreases resulting in a stuffy nose.
15
Q
Hoe does the cavernous plexus contribute to having a running nose?
A
As blood volume increases, Oxygen uptake increases which will stimulate seromucus gland secretion, resulting in a runny nose.
16
Q
What tissues support the Respiratory region?
A
Hyaline cartilage and bone
17
Q
Part of the nasal cavity. Surface epithelium is olfactory epithelium with supporting and basal cells and olfactory neurons.
A
Olfactory region
18
Q
What do supporting cells do in the Olfactory region of the nasal cavity?
A
Provide physical support, nourishment, and electrical insulation for the olfactory cells.
19
Q
T/F Support cells are simple cuboidal cells
A
FALSE.
They are columnar cells with microvilli
20
Q
Bipolar neurons with olfactory cilia extending onto the epithelial surface
A
Olfactory neurons
21
Q
What does the basal axon of the olfactory neuron connect to?
A
Olfactory bulb
22
Q
Cells that are small pyramidal shaped cells that can divide and replace the other cell types in the olfactory region
A
Basal cells
23
Q
This gland is found in the olfactory region and produces a serous product to cleanse olfactory cilia
A
Olfactory (Bowman’s) Glands
24
Q
Support tissue of the olfactory region
A
Bone
25
Found in the ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal, and maxilla bones. Connected to the nasal cavity through openings
Paranasal sinuses
26
Paranasal sinuses are connected to the nasal cavity through:
Sinal ostia
27
Epithelium is respiratory epithelium. Lamina propria is thin, but has seromucus glands and is quite vascular.
Paranasal sinuses
28
Possible problem associated with the paranasal sinuses
Small ostia, but large vascular lamina propria. Lamina propria can swell and clog the ostia, not allowing the sinuses to drain appropriately
29
Divisions of the pharynx from superior to inferior
Nasopharynx (superior)
Oropharynx (middle)
Laryngopharynx (inferior)
30
Surface epithelium of the Nasopharynx
Respiratory epithelium with mucociliary clearance
31
Surface epithelium of the Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx
Stratified squamous
32
Tonsils associated with the different divisions of the Pharynx
```
Nasopharynx = pharyngeal tonsils
Oropharynx = Palatine and lingual tonsils
Laryngopharynx = NO tonsils present
```
33
T/F The muscularis mucosa of the pharynx is large and quite vascular
FALSE.
| The muscularis mucosa is NOT present in the pharynx
34
Part of pharynx. Consists of collagen in periosteum of basilar portion of occiput blending into the wall of the pharynx. Functions in added support to the pharynx
Submucosa
35
Alternative name for the submucosa of the pharynx
Pharyngobasilar Fascia
36
Type of muscle found in the pharynx
Skeletal muscle
37
T/F The muscular pattern of the pharynx in the same as the muscular pattern of the G.I. tract
FALSE.
Pharynx(inner longitudinal, outer circular layer) has an opposite arrangement than the G.I. tract (outer longitduinal, inner circular layers)
38
Besides the muscularis externa of the pharynx, where else in the body is the arrangement of the muscular externa opposite of the G.I. tract.
Uterus
39
Part of pharynx. Consists of the epimysium of the buccinator muscle blending into the pharynx.
Adventitia
40
Alternative name for the adventitia of the pharynx
Buccopharyngeal Fascia
41
Organ that lies between the pharynx and the trachea
Larynx
42
Surface epithelium of the Larynx
Upper surface is stratified squamous (parts will transition to respiratory)
43
Functions of the cartilage wall in the larynx
- Maintains an open airway
| - Aid in sound production (in addition to skeletal wall)
44
T/F Lamina propria of the larynx consists of dense connective tissue with no seromucus glands
FALSE.
| LP on larynx consists of LOOSE connective tissue WITH seromucus glands
45
Type of cartilage found in the larynx. Structures consisting of it include: thyroid, cricoid, and inferior arytenoid cartilages
Hyaline cartilage
46
Type of cartilage found in the larynx. Structures consisting of it include: epiglottis, cuneiform, corniculate, and superior arytenoid cartilages
Elastic cartilage
47
General function of the epiglottis
To keep food and liquid out of the larynx
48
Immovable folds of tissue below the epiglottis. Surface epithelium is respiratory epithelium and lamina propria is loose connective tissue with seromucus glands and possible lymph nodules.
Vestibular folds
49
Surface epithelium of the laryngeal ventricle
Stratified squamous
50
Found below the epiglottis. Surface epithelium is stratified squamous, lamina propria has dense regular bundles of elastic connective tissue, and contains a muscle.
Vocal folds (cords)
51
Function of the surface epithelium of the Vocal folds (cords)
Protect from abrasion and to some degree drying of tissues due to rapid air movement.
52
Function of the lamina propria of the Vocal folds (cords)
Supports vocal folds
53
Striated muscle located deep to the mucosa of the Vocal folds. Helps create sound by allowing air to vibrate against the vocal folds.
Vocalis
54
Part of Trachea. Surface epithelium is respiratory epithelium that contains many different cell types within it. Lamina propria is loose connective tissue with seromucus glands and is quite vascular.
Mucosa
55
T/F The smallest part of the Trachea is the muscularis mucosa
FALSE.
| The muscularis mucosa is absent in the trachea
56
Breakdown of cell types in the mucosa of the trachea
```
Goblet cells- 30%
Ciliated columnar cells- 30%
Basal cells- 30%
Brush cells- 3%
Serous cells- 3%
DNES (Small Granule)(Kulchitsky) cells- 3-4%
```
57
Hypothetical function of Brush cells in the mucosa of the trachea
Chemosensory (monitors air quality?)
58
Function of Serous cells of the mucosa of the trachea
Secretion of a product into lumen (product is unknown)
59
Function of DNES (Small Granule)(Kulchitsky) cells
Secrete into the Lamina propria, so likely influence over other cells in respiratory epithelium.
60
The submucosa of the trachea contains a ________________ ring that blends with the lamina propria
Hyaline cartilage
61
T/F General rule: Vertical running organs usually have serosa
FALSE.
| Vertical running organs usually have adventitia
62
Structurally similar to the trachea. Includes primary bronchi and has structural trends.
Extrapulmonary Bronchi
63
Structural trends that decrease in the Bronchi (TQ)
- Amount of cartilage
- Number of glands (in lamina propria)
- Number of goblet cells
- Height of the Epithelium
64
Structural trends that increase in the Bronchi (TQ)
- Smooth muscle (Trachealis) increases as we get to bronchi
| - Elastic connective tissue (helps with recoil during respiration)
65
Similiar to extrapulmonary bronchi. Includes secondary and tertiary bronchi.Trends of extrapulmonary bronchi are continued through this structure
Intrapulmonary Bronchi
66
Structures that have no hyaline cartilage, no seromucus glands, and have a complete smooth muscle layer
Bronchioles
67
Epithelium type of the Bronchioles
Ciliated simple columnar/cuboidal with some goblets and special cells. (can vary along the length)
68
Secretory cells in the surface epithelium of bronchioles.
Clara cells
69
Functions of Clara cells
- Secrete product to protect epithelium
- Produce enzymes which degrade toxins
- Regenerate bronchiolar epithelium
- Secrete lysozyme
- Produce a surfactant type of molecule
70
Last part of the conducting portion of the respiratory system. Epithelium is simple columnar/cuboidal often ciliated and has Clara cells. Has a fibroelastic connective tissue in its lamina propria. Also contains 1-2 layers of smooth muscles
Terminal bronchioles
71
First region of respiratory portion of respiratory system
Respiratory Bronchioles
72
Structure is simple cuboidal epithelium with Clara cells and some cilia. Structure is similar to terminal brochioles, but also contains some simple squamous epithelium
Respiratory bronchioles
73
T/F Gas exchange does not occur in the Respiratory bronchioles
FALSE.
| It contains some simple squamous epithelium, therefore gas exchange is possible
74
General function of alveolar ducts, alveolar sac, and alveoli
Gas exchange
75
Cell type of alveoli. Covers ~95% of alveolar surface. Consists of squamous type cells with zonula occludens between cells. Function is gas exchange.
Alveolar Type I (Type I Pneumocyte)
76
Cell type of alveoli. Found most to the side between alveoli. Consists of cuboidal cells and has 3 general functions.
Alveolar Type II (Type II Pneumocyte)
77
General functions of Alveolar Type II cells (Type II Pneumocytes)
- Stem cell for Type I and II Pneumocytes
- Produce pulmonary surfactant
- Produce lysozyme
78
Type of alveoli cell. Develops from monocytes. Functions in cleaning septal walls via phagocytosis
Alveolar macrophage (dust cell)
79
Region between 2 alveoli
Interalveolar septum
80
Components of this region of the alveoli include: alveolar type I and type II cells, continuous capillaries, fibroblasts(among numerous other cells), basal lamina, and small amounts of connective tissue with many elastic fibers
Interalveolar septum
81
Region where oxygen and carbon dioxide pass between the air and the blood
Blood-Gas Barrier
82
Parts of the Blood-Gas Barrier going from air to blood
- Pulmonary surfactant
- Alveolar type I cells
- Fused basal lamina (shared between 2 cells)
- Endothelial cells of the capillary
83
The fused basal lamina of the Blood-Gas Barrier is shared between ____________ cells and _____________ cells
- Alveolar Type I cells
| - Endothelial cells (of the capillary)
84
Thoracic _________ provide fibers which will relax bronchial smooth muscle (bronchodilation)
Sympathetic chain ganglia
85
Minimum diffusion distance that allow for the most efficient gas exchange
Blood-Gas Barrier
86
__________ fibers will cause the paradoxical response of constricting pulmonary blood vessels by stimulating the smooth muscles in the tunica ______
Sympathetic
| Tunica media
87
Nerve that provides parasympathetic fibers which will constrict bronchial smooth muscle resulting in bronchoconstriction
Vagus nerve (C.N. X)
88
Alveolar cell type that appears to synapse with nerve fibers.
Alveolar Type II cells
89
Chronic exposure to irritants and metaplasia in the upper respiratory tract will have what effect on goblet cells, ciliated columnar cells, and seromucus glands
- Goblet cells = #'s increase (increased mucus)
- Ciliated columnar cells = #'s decrease (increased congestion)
- Seromucus glands = increase in size (more fluid excreted)
90
If much coughing is present from chronic to irritants and metaplasia in the upper respiratory tract, then a person may develop patches of ____________ instead of respiratory epithelium (precancerous condition)
Squamous epithelium
91
RDS
Respiratory Distress of the Newborn (Hyaline Membrane Disease)
92
Cause of RDS
Too few mature Alveolar Type II cells
93
T/F Alveolar Type II cells are the last to mature in the fetus
True
94
Treatments for RDS
1) Artifical surfactant and CPAP- only a few treatments usually needed
2) Glucocorticoids- given before birth; induces surfactant production
95
Condition where patients have a decrease in elastin and therefore a decrease in alveolar elasticity. Causes an irreversible reduced surface for gas exchange
Emphysema
96
Common causes of emphysema
1) Inflammation from infection, irritants, smoking, etc.
| 2) Genetic condition
97
Protein produced by hepatocytes that protects elastin fibers from the enzyme elastase. Protein is inactivated from free radicals coming from cigarette smoke.
Alpha 1-Antitrypsin (Alpha 1-AT)
98
Inflammation in the alveoli will attract ______ and _______, both of which release elastase.
Macrophages
| Neutrophils
99
In the genetic condition that causes emphysema, what is cellular process is malfunctioning and therefore causing emphysema?
Hepatocytes in the liver are producing the Alpha 1-AT, but cannot release it due to a genetic condition, therefore the Alpha 1-AT levels are too low
100
T/F People who are Heterozygous for the faulty gene that causes genetic emphysema are affected greatly by it.
FALSE.
Gene is inherited dominantly, therefore heterozygous people are affected somewhat while homozygous people are affected greatly
