Exam II-L11

Question 1

____: disease characterized by hyperglycemia, caused by absolute or relative deficiency in insulin

Answer 1

Diabetes mellitus

Question 2

True or False: In DM patients, FBG is greater than 126 and RBG is more than 200

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Consequences of uncontrolled DM?

Answer 3

1) Neuropathy
2) Nephropathy
3) Retinopathy, glaucoma

Question 4

Which type of diabetes is characterized by NO insulin production and is due to loss of pancreatic beta cells due to auto-immune response during childhood?

Answer 4

Type 1 Diabetes

Question 5

What do conditions/episodes are patients with T1DM prone to?

Answer 5

1. Diabetic Ketoacidosis
2. Hypoglycemic episodes

Question 6

True or False: In T1DM, patients must get insulin injections TID

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Which form of diabetes is due to INSUFFICIENT insulin production or insulin resistance?

Answer 7

T2DM

Question 8

True or False: T2DM diagnosis precedes metabolic syndrome

Answer 8

False - Metabolic syndrome precedes T2DM

Question 9

Elderly patients with T2DM are at a risk of developing HHS, which stands for ___

Answer 9

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State

Question 10

True or False: Some patients with T2DM display acanthosis nigricans

Answer 10

True

Question 11

True or False: Obese individuals require higher amounts of insulin to maintain normal glucose levels

Answer 11

True

Question 12

___: cluster of metabolic abnormalities associated with obesity that predisposes individuals to CVD and T2DM

Answer 12

MetS

Question 13

Cause of MetS?

Answer 13

Obesity + sedentary lifestyle

Question 14

Cure for MetS?

Answer 14

Diet + exercise + behavior modification

Question 15

True or False: Acanthosis Nigricans is associated with T2DM, obesity, insulin resistance, and is often seen in kids

Answer 15

True

Question 16

Ketosis is commonly seen in what type of diabetes?

Answer 16

T1DM

Question 17

Which type of diabetes is NOT responsive to oral hypoglycemic drugs?

Answer 17

Unresponsive

Question 18

What type of diabetes is due to either: insufficient insulin or insulin resistance?

Answer 18

Gestational DM

Question 19

True or False: Overweight moms are at higher risk of developing Gestational DM, may develop pre-eclampsia, and are at a higher risk of developing T2DM s/p delivery

Answer 19

True

Question 20

What four processes does epinephrine upregulate?

Answer 20

Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Ketogenesis
Lipolysis

Question 21

True or False: Polyuria and polydipsia are symptoms of uncontrolled DM

Answer 21

True

Question 22

HgA1C > ___ indicated one has DM

Answer 22

> 6.5%

Question 23

____ provides an estimate of glucose levels for past three months

Answer 23

HbA1C

Question 24

____: Fragment of endogenous insulin that can be measured to differentiate between T1DM and T2DM

Answer 24

C Peptide

Question 25

Pre-proinsulin → Proinsulin → ____

Answer 25

C-peptide

Question 26

Diet, exercise, and insulin injections with each meal are useful for treatment of which form of diabetes?

Answer 26

T1DM

Question 27

How can hypoglycemic episode, commonly seen in T1DM, be treated?

Answer 27

Injected glucagon or given something sweet

Question 28

How does very high ketones affect pH?

Answer 28

Decreases pH, as in DKA

Question 29

Patient's with fruity odor on breath may have what condition?

Answer 29

DKA

Question 30

True or False: In DKA, there is no insulin made, yet blood glucose increases. Further, glucose is unable to enter muscle and adipose tissue due to lack of insulin

Answer 30

True

Question 31

True or False: A ketogenic diet increases glucagon and can allow for weight loss

Answer 31

True

Question 32

Why is exercise effective for treatment of T2DM?

Answer 32

Increases insulin sensitivity

Question 33

What drug inhibits gluconeogenesis in the liver?

Answer 33

Metformin

Question 34

What drug stimulates insulin secretion?

Answer 34

Glimepiride

Question 35

What drug stimulates insulin secretion, reduces glucagon secretion, and reduces appetite?

Answer 35

Dulaglutide

Question 36

What drug inhibits the enzymes that breaks down endogenous incretins?

Answer 36

DDP4i

Question 37

What drug sensitizes tissues to insulin?

Answer 37

TZD

Question 38

What drug inhibits reabsorption of blood glucose by the kidneys?

Answer 38

Sodium glucose transporter inhibitor

Question 39

If one has a FBG > 600, as well as significant dehydration, they may have HHS, also known as _____. Tx?

Answer 39

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State Tx: Insulin, electrolytes, K