Lecture 29: Calcium and Other Minerals

Question 1

____ are inorganic substances physiologically required in small amounts in our diets for a variety of cellular functions

Answer 1

Minerals

Question 2

___ is the most abundant mineral in the body and it is often in complex with phosphorous

Answer 2

Calcium (hydroxylapatite)

Question 3

What is the main function of hydroxylapatite?

Answer 3

Bone and teeth formation
(also cell signaling and nerve conduction)

Question 4

What three organs regulate calcium?

Answer 4

Intestines, kidneys, and parathyroid gland

Question 5

What form of calcium is the active form?

Answer 5

Ionized form

Question 6

Where is the main calcium storage site?

Answer 6

Bones

Question 7

What is activated in response to low calcium? What events are triggered?

Answer 7

CaSR and PTH
Events: 1) Bone resorption, 2) Kidneys will retain calcium, 3) Kidneys will make calcitrol (active form of Vit D) -> calbinding -> increase absorption of dietary calcium in intestines

Question 8

Serum calcium levels are regulated by what three hormones?

Answer 8

1) PTH
2) Calcitrol
3) Calcitonin

Question 9

Vit D deficiency and hypoparathyroidism can arise if one has _____

Answer 9

Hypocalcemia

Question 10

Hypocalcemia can cause ____, ____, or ricketts

Answer 10

osteoporosis, osteomalacia

Question 11

What occurs in the presence of high calcium?

Answer 11

Thyroid hormones is activated, which leads to release of calcitonin, which triggers bone reabsorption (synthesis)
= serum calcium levels decrease

Question 12

True or False: Cancer, hyperparathyroidism, and kidney stones may be related to hypercalcemia

Answer 12

True

Question 13

Bone mass increases with age up until reproductive age. In adults, a gradual ___in bone mass is observed

Answer 13

decrease

Question 14

What is the most abundant intracellular anion?

Answer 14

Phosphorus

Question 15

Most of the phosphorus in our body is in complex with ____

Answer 15

Calcium

Question 16

Phosphorous is regulated by the ___ together with ____

Answer 16

kidneys; calcium

Question 17

The more bioactive calcium that you have, the less bioactive ___ you will have

Answer 17

phosphorous

Question 18

What causes hyperphosphatemia?

Answer 18

-Decreased PTH
-Metastatic calcifications
-Soft bone

Question 19

What can cause hypophosphatemia?

Answer 19

-Refeeding Syndrome
-Overuse of antacids
-Muscle weakness

Question 20

60% of this mineral is on our bodies in teeth

Answer 20

Magnesium

Question 21

The homeostasis of magnesium is controlled by the ____

Answer 21

kidneys

Question 22

True or False: Hypomagesemia is unlikely due to impair absorption or excessive secretion

Answer 22

False - it is likely due to impaired absorption/excessive secretion

Question 23

True or False: Hypomagesemia can cause muscle and nerve hyperexcitability and cardiac arrythmias

Answer 23

True

Question 24

What is used to treat pre-eclampsia?

Answer 24

MgSO4

Question 25

Hypotension is observed in patients with _____ or too much Mg2+

Answer 25

Hypermagnesemia

Question 26

____ is the primary extracellular electrolytes

Answer 26

Na/Cl

Question 27

True or False: Na/Cl is required for liver absorption and renal absorption of glucose, FAA, and galactose

Answer 27

False - Na/Cl is required for intestinal absorption and renal absorption of glucose, FAA, and galactose

Question 28

Sodium intake increases ___ retention (and thus BP)

Answer 28

water

Question 29

How is sodium chloride excreted?

Answer 29

Kidneys

Question 30

When can hyponatremia occur?

Answer 30

After/during endurance event; beer potomania;

Question 31

True or False: Hyponatremia is often a result of sweating, vomiting, diuretics, kidney disease, or diarrhea

Answer 31

False - hypernatremia is often a result of sweating, vomiting, diuretics, kidney disease, or diarrhea

Question 32

The main problem in hypernatremia is ____

Answer 32

dehydration

Question 33

What is the primary intracellular electrolyte?

Answer 33

Potassium

Question 34

An increase in dietary potassium could result in increased excretion of ___ and low BP

Answer 34

sodium

Question 35

Muscle/nerve/function, regulation of fluid and pH balance are all functions of ______, the primary intracellular electrolyte

Answer 35

potassium

Question 36

Potassium is regulated by ___ excretion

Answer 36

renal

Question 37

True or False: Hyperkalemia can result in muscle weakness, cramps tingling and is often due to fluid loss/diuretics

Answer 37

False - hypokalemia can result in muscle weakness, cramps tingling and is often due to fluid loss/diuretics

Question 38

Hyperkalemia is often due to excessive ___ loss

Answer 38

fluid

Question 39

What is the most common symptom of hyperkalemia?

Answer 39

Arrythmia

Question 40

___ is a mineral that is essential in trace amounts but it is toxic in high amounts

Answer 40

Copper

Question 41

What mineral is essential for aerobic respiration, transport of iron, and destruction of free radicals?

Answer 41

Copper

Question 42

Where is copper absorbed? Transported and stored?

Answer 42

Absorbed: Intestine Transported/Stored: Liver

Question 43

_____ is the enzyme that transports copper

Answer 43

ceruplasmin

Question 44

What causes Menkes Syndrome?

Answer 44

Export of Cu from enterocytes to liver is impaired

Question 45

Anemia is a result of _____, which is a condition in which systemic Cu deficiency is seen

Answer 45

Menkes Syndrome

Question 46

True or False: In Menkes Syndrome, urinary and serum Cu levels, as well as ceruloplasmin are elevated

Answer 46

False - In Menkes Syndrome, urinary and serum Cu levels, as well as ceruloplasmin are low

Question 47

True or False: Neurodegeneration and kinky hair may result due to Menkes Syndrome

Answer 47

True

Question 48

True or False: Focal Cu deficiency is observed in Menkes Syndrome

Answer 48

False - systemic Cu deficiency is observed in Menkes Syndrome

Question 49

True or False: Wilson's Disease is X-linked while Menkes is autosomal recessive

Answer 49

False - Wilson's Disease is autosomal recessive while Menkes is X-linked

Question 50

Export of copper from the liver to other tissues is impaired in ____ disease

Answer 50

Wilson Disease

Question 51

How is Wilson Disease treated?

Answer 51

Chelating agents

Question 52

True or False: In Menkes Syndromes, excess Cu leaks into the blood and accumulates in the brain, eyes, kidneys, and skin. Also: hepatic, neurologic, and psychiatric problems are seen.

Answer 52

False In Wilson Disease, excess Cu leaks into the blood and accumulates in the brain, eyes, kidneys, and skin. Also: hepatic, neurologic, and psychiatric problems are seen.

Question 53

How is Menkes Syndrome treated?

Answer 53

Parental admin of Cu

Question 54

True or False: Zinc is an essential trace element that is important for the immune system and protein structure and catalysis

Answer 54

True

Question 55

Zinc is absorbed through a _____

Answer 55

transporter

Question 56

Phytates bind ___ irreversibly and block its absorption

Answer 56

Zn

Question 57

___, a trace mineral, potentiates the action of insulin

Answer 57

Chromium

Question 58

____, a trace mineral, replaces OH- in hydroxylapatite and makes it more resistant to acids (helps eliminate cavities)

Answer 58

Fluorine

Question 59

____ is required for thyroid synthesis

Answer 59

Iodine

Question 60

Low levels of iodine can cause hypothyroidism. Symptoms of hypothyroidism include: ____, _____

Answer 60

intellectual disability in kids, slower metabolism, weight gain, fatigue, and depression

Question 61

True or False: Hyperthyroidism can affect metabolism, behavior, and heart rate

Answer 61

True

Question 62

Bulging eyes is a symptom of ____

Answer 62

hyperthyroidism

Question 63

Hypothyroidism (?) is associated with ___ or bulge in throat-area

Answer 63

Goiter

Question 64

____, a trace mineral, is required for ~25 proteins in the body. It is involved in elimination of free radicals, can cause deficiencies and can be toxic.

Answer 64

Selenium