Exam III - Thorax

Question 1

What are the contents of the Posterior Thoracic Wall

Answer 1

12 Thoracic vertbrae
12 pairs of ribs
12 spinal nerves (T1-T12)

Question 2

What two joints make up the Anterior Thoracic wall

Answer 2

Synovial

Synchrondrosis

Question 3

Describe a Synovial joint

Answer 3

Very mobile

Between costal cartilage of ribs and sternum

Question 4

Describe a Synchrondrosis joint

Answer 4

Little mobility
Between rib 1 and manubrium
Make up the sternum

Question 5

What are the contents of the Anterior Thoracic wall

Answer 5

Costal cartilage
manubrium with jugular notch
Sternal angle
Body of sternum
Xiphoid process

Question 6

Where are the Sternal angles located

Answer 6

Between manubrium and body of sternum
Rib 2 and sternum
T4-T5

Question 7

What are sternabrae

Answer 7

Fused bony structures making up the sternum

Question 8

When is the sternum completely fused

Answer 8

between ages 15-17

Question 9

what are the borders of the superior thoracic aperture

Answer 9

T1
Rib 1
Manubrium

Question 10

What make up the opening to the thorax

Answer 10

superior aspects of the pleural cavity

Question 11

what are the borders of the inferior thoracic aperture

Answer 11

TXII
Rib XII
Cartilage of other ribs
xiphoid process
closed by diaphragm

Question 12

What are the three hiatuses within the inferior thoracic aperture

Answer 12

Vena caval
Aortic
Esophageal

Question 13

What are the contents of the hiatuses within the diaphragm

Answer 13

Inferior vena cava
esophagus
vagus nerve
aorta
thoracic duct

Question 14

what innervates the diaphragm

Answer 14

Phrenic nerve

Question 15

What are the true ribs

Answer 15

Ribs 1-7

Question 16

What are the false ribs

Answer 16

ribs 8-12

Question 17

what are the floating ribs

Answer 17

ribs 11 and 12

Question 18

What ligament connects the rib head to body of vertebrae

Answer 18

Radiate sternocostal ligament

Question 19

What ligament connects rib tubercle with transverse process

Answer 19

superior and lateral costotransverse ligament

Question 20

What are the origin and insertion of the intercostal muscles

Answer 20

O - inferior border of superior rib

I - superior border of inferior rib

Question 21

What are the origin and insertion of the external intercostal muscles?

Answer 21

O - superior border of inferior rib

I - inferior border of superior rib

Question 22

Where is the intercostal neurovascular bundle located

Answer 22

between the internal and inner intercostal muscles

Question 23

What makes up the intercostal neurovascular bundle

Answer 23

intercostal vein, artery, nerve

Question 24

What is Throacotomy

Answer 24

the insertion of a chest tube into the pleural cavity to drain air, blood, bile, puss or other fluids

Question 25

What are the deepest muscles of the anterior wall

Answer 25

transversus thoracis subcostalis Posterior - levatoras costarum

Question 26

What are the origin and insertion of transversus thoracis

Answer 26

O - inferior 1/3 of sternum | I - costal cartilage 2-6

Question 27

what are the origin and insertion of subcostalis

Answer 27

O - angle of lower rib | I - angle of higher rib

Question 28

What are the 4 intercostal arteries

Answer 28

posterior intercostal anterior intercostal first and second intercostal

Question 29

Where do the posterior intercostal arteries branch from

Answer 29

Aorta

Question 30

Where do the anterior intercostal arteries branch from

Answer 30

internal thoracic artery, which branches from the subclavian artery

Question 31

What are the terminal branches of the internal thoracic artery

Answer 31

Musculophrenic artery | Superficial epigastric artery

Question 32

What does the musculophrenic artery supply

Answer 32

anterior intercostal arteries to 7-9th intercostal spaces | also to diaphragm

Question 33

what does the superficial epigastric artery supply

Answer 33

anterior abdominal wall

Question 34

what supplies the intercostal veins

Answer 34

right brachiocephalic vein azygous vein accessory hemizygous vein internal thoracic vein

Question 35

what drains into the right brachiocephalic vein

Answer 35

anterior intercostal vein

Question 36

what does the right brachiocephalic vein drain to

Answer 36

vena cava

Question 37

where is the azygous vein located

Answer 37

posterior, right side only

Question 38

what drains into the azygous vein

Answer 38

anterior intercostal veins

Question 39

what does the azygous vein drain into

Answer 39

vena cava

Question 40

where does the internal thoracic vein drain into

Answer 40

brachiocephalic vein

Question 41

where do lymph nodes drain into

Answer 41

mostly the thoracic duct, then left subclavian vein

Question 42

where are intercostal lymph nodes located

Answer 42

posteriorly along vertebrae

Question 43

where are parasternal lymph nodes located

Answer 43

anteriorly along the sternum

Question 44

where is parietal pleura located

Answer 44

against the wall of pleural cavity

Question 45

where is visceral pleura located

Answer 45

directly on the lungs

Question 46

what do serrous fluids do

Answer 46

allow lungs to stick to the thoracic wall

Question 47

what connects the lungs to major vessels

Answer 47

hilum and root

Question 48

what happens during inhalation of air

Answer 48

scalene, external intercostals and diaphragm contract lung volume increases chest expands

Question 49

what happens during exhalation of air

Answer 49

externals relax internal and innermost intercostals contract abdominals increase force lung volume decreases

Question 50

Trace the path of the respiratory system

Answer 50

``` Pharynx Larynx Trachea Primary bronchi Bronchioles ```

Question 51

Describe the respiratory tree

Answer 51

``` Adams apple Trachea Right and Left primary bronchi Tertiary bronchi Alveoli (gas exchange) ```

Question 52

Where do things usually go when accidentally inhaled

Answer 52

into the right primary bronchi

Question 53

name the two lung recesses or spaces

Answer 53

costomediastinal recess | costodiaphragmatic recess

Question 54

Name two lung deficiencies

Answer 54

Pneunothorax (collapsed lung) | Small cell carcinoma

Question 55

What are the 4 subdivisions of the mediastinum

Answer 55

superior middle anterior posterior

Question 56

what are the borders of the superior mediastinum divison

Answer 56

rib 1 manubrium thoracic vertebrae

Question 57

what are the borders of the anterior mediastinum division

Answer 57

body and xiphoid of sternum

Question 58

what are the borders of the posterior mediastinum division

Answer 58

thoracic vertebrae

Question 59

Where are T-lymphocytes found

Answer 59

within the Thymus

Question 60

Where is the thymus located

Answer 60

posterior to manubrium

Question 61

Where is the thyroid gland located

Answer 61

superior to thymus | superficial to trachea

Question 62

what arteries are located within the mediastinum

Answer 62

``` common carotid subclavian ascending and descending aorta aortic arch brachiocephalic trunk ```

Question 63

what veins are located within the mediastinum

Answer 63

jugular veins subclavian superior vena cava

Question 64

what nerves are located within the mediastinum

Answer 64

vagus nerves recurrent laryngeal nerves phrenic nerves

Question 65

What does the Systemic System/Circulation do

Answer 65

pumps blood to and from body | left side of heart

Question 66

what does the Pulmonary System/Circulation do

Answer 66

pumps blood to and from lungs for gas exchange

Question 67

describe the path of deoxygenated blood in the pulmonary arteries

Answer 67

arteries alveoli respiratory tree breath out

Question 68

describe the path of oxygenated blood in the pulmonary veins

Answer 68

oxygen from air respiratory tree alveoli pulmonary veins to left atrium

Question 69

Where does oxygenated blood go in the body

Answer 69

from the lungs, back to heart, out to the body

Question 70

where does deoxygenated blood go in the body

Answer 70

from the body, to the heart, then to the lungs

Question 71

What are the membranes of the heart

Answer 71

``` fibrous pericardium serous pericardium epicardium myocardium endocardium ```

Question 72

fibrous pericardium

Answer 72

outermost layer of the heart

Question 73

serous pericardium

Answer 73

parietal and visceral

Question 74

myocardium

Answer 74

cardia muscle of heart | thickest layer

Question 75

endocardium

Answer 75

innermost layer of the heart

Question 76

What is Pericarditis

Answer 76

inflammation of the pericardium | appears as small bumps on the inside of the heart

Question 77

How does congestive heart failure occur

Answer 77

when the pericardial cavity fills with fluid

Question 78

What is the purpose of the bronchial vessels

Answer 78

to supply and drain the lungs and bronchus tissue

Question 79

Where does the right atrium get blood from

Answer 79

superior vena cava inferior vena cava coronary sinus

Question 80

Where does the right ventricle get blood from

Answer 80

the right atrium

Question 81

Where does the left atrium get blood from

Answer 81

4 pulmonary veins

Question 82

What are the four valves of the heart

Answer 82

Aortic semilunar valve pulmonary semilunar valve Tricuspid valve Bicuspid valve

Question 83

What do valves do

Answer 83

prevent backflow of blood

Question 84

Describe the pathway of deoxygenated blood in the body

Answer 84

``` Body Superior/inferior vena cava and coronary sinus Right atrium Right ventricle Pulmonary trunk Pulmonary Arteries Lungs ```

Question 85

Describe the pathway of oxygenated blood in the body

Answer 85

``` Lungs Pulmonary Veins Left Atrium Left Ventricle Ascending Aorta Body ```

Question 86

What are the cardiac veins of the heart

Answer 86

Coronary Sinus Great cardiac Middle Cardiac Small cardiac

Question 87

What are the right coronary arteries

Answer 87

Right Coronary Artery Marginal Artery Posterior Interventricular Artery

Question 88

What are the left coronary arteries

Answer 88

Left Coronary Artery Left Anterior Descending artery (LAD) Circumflex branch Posterior Interventicular Artery

Question 89

What is a coronary bypass

Answer 89

a new piece of vein, usuaully Great Saphenou, is removed and inserted between the aortic arch and left or right coronary artery

Question 90

What is hypertrophy

Answer 90

the enhanced growth of something