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Exam number 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does it mean when we say children are at risk, and give some examples of conditions that put children at risk?

A

At risk- an infant or a child who has a high probability of exhibiting delays in development or developing a disability.
Examples:
harmful biological, environmental, or genetic conditions, low birth weight, exposure to toxins, child abuse or neglect, oxygen deprivation, extreme poverty, down syndrome or PKU.

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2
Q

Be able to give at least five examples of disability categories.

A

Physical disabilites, autism, deaf and blindness, mental retardation, Traumatic Brain Injury

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3
Q

At what age to we need to begin planning for transition in a child’s IEP?

A

16 years old

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4
Q

When was the bill PL94-142 signed & what are the six elements of this law?

A

1975;

FAPE, LRE, IEP, due process, nondiscrimintory assessment, parental participation

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5
Q

Name two significant elements of PL 99-457.

A

Preschooler services are now mandatory
Part H- offered incentives to serve infants and toddlers- voluntary; all states after sept. 30 1994 had plans to put this in place.
IFSP- individualized family service plan; must be developed 45 days after a family requested it.

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6
Q

Explain what due process means.

A

confidentiality, right to examine records, parents have the right. parents can receive written notice of their rights. right to legal counsel.

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7
Q

What is the difference between mainstreaming and inclusion?

A

Mainstreaming- an early term for the practice of integrating students with special needs into a general education classroom for all or part of the school day

inclusion- an interpretation of the principle of least restrictive environment advocating that all pupils with disabilities are to be educated in the general classroom

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8
Q

What might be some of the reasons that minority children are overrepresented in our special education classrooms?

A

poverty

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9
Q

What are the two elements of defining Mental retardation/intellectual disabilities

A

significant limitations in intellectual functioning, significant limitations in adaptive behavior,

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10
Q

1973 Definition: What is the IQ for MR in the 1973 definition?

A

The IQ score was 85, but it was lowered to 70 in 1973

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11
Q

Define adaptive behavior

A

is the collection of conceptional, social, and practical skills that are learned and performed by people in their everyday lives. Conceptual skills—language and literacy; money, time, and number concepts; and self-direction.

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12
Q

What was significant about the 2010 definition of Mental retardation?

A

Changed to Intellectual Disability

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13
Q

Why is labeling and placing someone in special education based on IQ testing, considered to be controversial?

A

Because it is based on testing and some people just do not test well. they could be very smart but just not test well.

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14
Q

According to 2010 Department of Education statistics, what percentage of the total school population are identified as intellectually disabled?

A

4.9%

in the past 30 years It has increased by 242%

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15
Q

List five different causes for intellectual disabilities.

A

Prenatal- smoking,drugs,alcohol.
Perinatal (during birth)- prolonged and difficult labor, loss of oxygen, premature birth rate, trauma by medical instruments.
Postnatal causes- strokes
genetic causes- hereditary
Environmental- low socoioeconic impact, malutrition, poor teaching/ bad instuction

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16
Q

What are some of the learning and behavioral characteristics of children with Intellectual disabilities?

A

lack of attention span, lack of memory, difficulties in academic performance, hard to generalize, lack of speech and language development

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17
Q

What is functional curriculum?

A

focus on skills that will help the student in the real world. being independent

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18
Q

What is task analysis?

A

teaching skills that help to teach a larger task

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19
Q

What disability category has the highest number of children diagnosed within that category?

A

Specific Learning disabilities

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20
Q

Why do you think that there are so many children diagnosed within this category?

A

because there are so many children that fall under the “umbrella”.

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21
Q

What are some prenatal and postnatal causes for learning disabilities?

A

Prenatal- smoking,drugs,alcohol.
Perinatal (during birth)- prolonged and difficult labor, loss of oxygen, premature birth rate, trauma by medical instruments.
Postnatal causes- strokes

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22
Q

True or False, do learning disabilities tend to run in families or tend to be genetic?

A

true

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23
Q

Compare the incidence of boys verses girls with learning disabilities.

A

boys tend to have a disability rather than girls

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24
Q

What are the four dimensions of behavior that are considered when defining behavioral disorders

A

frequency, intensity, duration of behavior, age appropiateness

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25
True or false, “Is it necessary for the behavior to interfere with academic learning in order for a child to be diagnosed as emotionally disturbed?”
false
26
True or false, “children who are diagnosed with emotional disorders do qualify for special services.”
true
27
Receptive language
how you internalize language
28
expressive language
how you act on it
29
what age can you diagnose an impairment
3 years old
30
What are some things we can do to prevent speech and language delays?
talk to them correctly, use good grammar, oral hygiene, good breathing patterns, talk to them for their age group
31
Approximately how many words would a child 3 – 4 years have?
450
32
Approximately how many words would a child 4 – 5 years?
1,000 and 2,000 words. 4 to 5 worded sentences
33
Name three of the consonant sounds or consonant blends that develop later for children so they should be no cause for concern when these sounds are absent at 5 or 6 years of age?
Z,J,S,Sh,Ch,
34
Describe the differences between ADD and ADHD.
ADD- can't focus ADHD- needs to move
35
Why is ADHD so difficult to diagnose?
because there are a lot of different parts that go along with it, like observation from teachers, family members, and other professionals. there is no good way of accuarately assessing it.
36
Approximately what age does our book suggest we are able to diagnose ADHD?
6 to 7
37
What is community based instruction?
a strategy for teaching functional skills in the environment in which they would naturally occur of augmentative communication
38
What curriculum strategies for students with intellectual disabilities?
functional curriculum, community based instruction,
39
What is the central component of the IDEA’s definition of Learning Disabilities?
discrepancy between the student's academic performance and his or her estimated or assumed ability or potential. explains how a 10 year old with above average intelligence reads at a level or more below expectations for his chronological age.
40
Why is diagnosing a child with a Learning Disability a difficult thing to do?
it is hard to diagnose children because there is a discrepancy between states, reasearchers and professionals. the child might have a disability in one state but in the other they may not.
41
What are some of the characteristics of children with learning disabilities and how would you address their needs in the classroom?
hyperactivity, perceputal motor impairments, emotional instability, coordination problems, disorder of attention look at the students strengths, use short sentences and simple vocab, provide positive reinforcement
42
What is metacognition?
the ability to evaluate and monitor one's own performance
43
How common is it for children with learning disabilities to also have ADHD?
80 % 25 outta 40 kids
44
List two of the five characteristics of someone diagnosed as emotionally disturbed.
an inability to learn that cannot be explained by intellectual, sensory, or health factors. an inability to build or maintain satisfactory interpersonal relationships with peers or teachers inappropriate types of behavior or feelings under normal circumstances a general pervasive mood of unhappiness or depression tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears associated with personal or school problems.
45
Children with emotional or behavioral disorders are considered to be the most unidentified of all disability categories. Why do you think that is?
because some children can hide their disorder, they are called internalizing disorders like social withdrawal depression compulsions and anxiety.
46
identify at least three emotional disorders that have a genetic influence.
autism, bi polar, schizophrenia
47
Identify two emotional disorders that have a biological influence
social phobia, OCD
48
Identify two psychological risk factors for emotional disorders.
parent mental illness, overcrowding at home, poverty
49
Name two characteristics of resilient children and what teachers can do to build the characteristics of resilient children.
socially competent, excellent problem solving skills, are autonomous, develop clear goals and high aspirations. establish a close loving relationship.
50
How does Asperger’s syndrome differ from Autism?
children with aspergers differ in that they have no significant delay in language development, and majority of students have average to above average intellectual abilities
51
Identify two associated conditions that are common in children with ASD.
ADHD,OCD, tic disorder, affective disorders, anxiety disorders, sleep disorders
52
Cite the frequency rate of autism according to text; ____ in every _____ individuals
1 in 100 children
53
List at least four characteristics of children with autism
no facial expressions, no eye to eye contact, speech not fluent, lack of regognition of mother or father (caregiver)
54
How are children with autism assessed?
tests measuring IQ, assessing adaptive levels of functioning, behavorial symptoms, comprehensive evaluation, clinical and educational observations
55
What kind of services/intervention do children with Autism receive?
school nursing services, parent counseling, nutrition services, recreational therapy, occupational therapy, speech and language therapy, low teacher student ratios, high degree of parent involvement
56
What is the difference between speech and language?
Language- rule based method of communication involving the comprehension and use of signs and symbols by which ideas are represented Speech- expression of language with sounds
57
Identify and describe three different speech disorders.
articulation disorders- errors in the production of speech sounds fluency disorders- difficulties with the rhythm and timing of speech stuttering- (most common) rapid-fire repetitions of consonant or vowel sounds especially at the beginning of words, prolongations, hesitations, interjections, and complete verbal blocks
58
It is estimated that _____ out of ____ persons in the US has a speech/language disorder.
1 in 10 persons
59
What do we mean by “executive function?”
behaviors such as self-regulations, working memory, inner speech, and arousal levels.
60
What environmental factors have been substantiated in contributors to ADHD?
if the parent has it then the child will too, traumas
61
What accommodations can we make to help students with ADHD?
therapy balls, don't have too many things on desk/room, peer monitoring, instrustional choice, good role models in the classroom
62
Approximately what percentage of children with ADHD respond favorably to medication?
70 to 80 %
63
Despite the effectiveness of medication for ADHD, why are some parents reluctant to put their children on medication?
they think it will make their child try other drugs
64
Understand and define conductive hearing loss
a blockage or barrier to the transmission of sound through the outer or middle ear. sound is not conducted normally through the mechanical sound conducting mechanisms in the ear
65
Understand and define sensory hearing loss
is caused by disorders of the inner ear, the auditory nerve that transmits impulses to the brain or both. a loss of hearing sensitivity, but sounds are usually distorted to the listener and speech often not heard clearly.
66
Who are the primary specialist’s in evaluating hearing loss and determining the extent to which that hearing loss constitutes a disability or impairment?
audiologist
67
At what age can hearing be tested?
birth
68
Explain the difference between prelingual and postlingual impairment.
prelingual- disorders hearing presented at birth or occurring before the development of speech and language postlingual- impairment after the acquisition of speech and language
69
Name at least three causes of hearing impairments.
inheritance, infections, abnormalities
70
What are some suggestions for teaching students with hearing impairments?
keep them close to where you are, increase visual imformation, modify procedures, have realistic expectations
71
Legal blindness is a visual acuity of ___________ or less with correction.
20/200
72
Be able to site three common visual impairments affecting school age children.
myopia, ocular albinism, optic atrophy, eye injury, congenital glaucoma
73
Approximately what percentage of school age children experience a vision loss serious to require specialized support.
2.8%
74
true or false Visual impairment is the most significant impairment as far as it most significantly impacting all other areas of development.
false
75
Understand what it means when we refer to a low-incident disability.
a disability that happens infrequently, physical, health disabilities like TBI, deaf-blindness, multiple disabilites
76
One of the most common physical disabilities in school age children is ______________________.
Cerebral palsy
77
Give two examples of health impairment:
seizures, asthma, aids
78
How many pounds are considered a very low birth weight which would put children at risk for disabilities?
3.3 lbs or less
79
What is a neuromotor impairment?
abnormality of, or damage to, the brain, spinal cord, or nerves that send impulses to the muscles of the body.
80
What are two common types of neuromotor impairment?
limited limb movement, loss of urinary control, loss of proper alignment of the spine
81
Differentiate between paraplegia and quadriplegia
paraplegia-legs are only effected in cerebral palsy | quadriplegia- all four limbs are involved
82
What is spina bifida and what are some of the characteristics of spina bifida?
the tube around the brain and spinal cord do not connect, causing an abnormality. lack of movement and sensation below injury area, difficulty walking, can't contorl some movements
83
What are some major health impairments that children might encounter?
blockages
84
How do other health impairments impact school performance?
cogntively, emotionally, academicly they are smart its just hard to do all of the work
85
What is augmentative communication?
various forms of commuication that are used as a supplement or an alternative to oral language, including communication behaviors, gestures, sign language, pictures, etc
86
Describe how technology has helped students with motor or communication problems.
helps them communicate using a keyboard
87
What is Universal Design for Learning, and be prepared to show how you would use this model in planning for all children.
the design of instructional materials and activites that allows the learning goals to be achievable by individuals with wide differences in their abilites to see, hear, speak, move, read, read, understand english, atten, organize, engage, remember. the what of teaching, the why of teaching, and the how of teaching.
88
Universal Design for Learning presenting info
auditory, visual, affective, technology
89
three things you need
action, expression, engagement

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