EXAM ONE Flashcards
(180 cards)
1
Q
injury to what would result in the sub or full luxation of the carpometacarpal joint?
A
injury to palmar carpal fibrocartilage
2
Q
cause of carpal laxity syndrome
A
over or under supplemented diets, poor footing, improper exercise in pupies
3
Q
what nerve innervates the flexors of the carpus
A
median and ulnar nerves
4
Q
what nerve innervates the extensors of the carpus
A
radial
5
Q
Blocks the superficial branches of the radial nerve, median nerve, and the dorsal and palmar branches of the ulnar nerve.
A
ring block (onchiectomy nerve block)
6
Q
what bone is removed in a declawing
A
3rd distal phalange
7
Q
most important foot pad for weight bearing
A
metacarpal pads
8
Q
Which growth plates contribute to the growth of the radius and ulna the most?
A
distal growth plate
9
Q
Which bone continues to grow when premature closure of the distal ulnar physis occurs? This causes carpal valgus.
A
radius
10
Q
Where does the median nerve and brachial artery pass through the humerus in cats?
A
Supra-condyloid formamen
11
Q
Which humeral growth plate contributes about 80% of growth to the humerus?
A
proximal
12
Q
what are the main elbow extensors
A
triceps (4 heads)
13
Q
what are the elbow flexors
A
biceps brachii
brachialis
14
Q
what’s wrong here
A
un united anconeal process
15
Q
what clinical symptoms might be seen with an un united anconeal process
A
forelimb lameness
stiffness getting up, soreness after activity
elbow painful upon manipulation
16
Q
what’s the issue here
A
un united anconeal process
17
Q
what’s wrong here
A
fragmented medial coronoid process
18
Q
what’s wrong here
A
fragmented medial coronoid process
19
Q
what’s wrong here
A
fragmented medial coronoid process
20
Q
what’s wrong here
A
incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle (IOHC)
condyle fails to fuse, lateral and medial sides are seperated by a fibrous band
21
Q
what’s wrong here
A
luxated elbow - collateral ligaments have torn
22
Q
what’s wrong here (hint: 2 things)
A
proximal 1/3 of ulna fracture and luxation of the head of the radius, caused by torn annular ligament
23
Q
what’s wrong here
A
broken olecranon process (Monteggia fracture)
common in cats that are hit from behind
24
Q
what nerve innervates the elbow flexors (biceps brachii)
A
musculocutaneous n
25
what nerve innervates the elbow extensors (triceps)
radial n
26
insertion point for the triceps
olecranon process
27
inflammatory condition in which cartilage separates from underyling bone
Osteochondritis Dissecans
28
where does the biceps originate
supraglenoid tuberosity of the scapula
29
inflammatory condition in which the bicep tendon fibers are disrupted
biceps tenosynovitis
30
caused by rupture of the serratus ventralis
| trapezius and rhomboideus may also be damaged
scapula luxation
31
whats wrong
scapula luxation
32
what is the extensor muscle of the shoulder
supraspinatus
33
synarcosis
no ligament or bony attachment, just muscular
34
what is the main muscle of the shoulder (scapula)
serratus ventralis
35
what are the minor muscles of the scapula
rhomboideus
trapezius
omotransversarius
36
what are osteochondrosis lesions
* faiure of immature cartilage to form bone
* leads to abnormal cartilage thickening
* seen in young, rapidly growing large dog breeds
37
what are the stabilizers of the shoulder
* joint capsule
* biceps brachii tendon
* medial and lateral glenohumeral ligaments
* rotator cuff muscles
38
what are the rotator cuff muscles of the shoulder
medial - subscapularis & coracobracilalis
lateral - supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor
39
what are the primary weight bearing digits in the dog and cat
3rd and 4th
40
what ligaments are the main source of rotation in the carpus
medial and lateral collateral ligaments
41
what is the purpose of sesamoid bones
Provide a smooth surface for fascia and act as levers/anchors and redistribute forces
42
What structure **prevents hyperextension of carpus** and keeps paw in state of flexion
palmar carpal fibrocartilage
43
what's wrong
sub-luxation of carpometacarpal joint
injury to palmar carpal fibrocartilage
44
what are the 3 joints of the carpus
1. antebrachiocarpal joint
2. intermediate carpal joint
3. carpometacarpal
45
Which carpal joint permits majority of the flexion and extension of carpus
antebrachiocarpal joints
46
what carpal joints lack any mobility
intermediate and carpometacarpal joints
47
identify the carpal joints from proximal to distal
antebrachiocarpal (radial)
intermediate
carpometacarpal
48
what's wrong
hyperflexion of the carpal joints
49
identify the flexors of the carpus
1. superficial dig flexor
2. flexor carpi ulnaris
3. flexor carpi radialis
4. deep digital flexor
5. flexor retinaculum
50
identify extensors 1,2,3,6,7
1. extensor carpi radialis
2. common digital extensor
3. lateral digital extensor
6. abductor longus
7. extensor retinaculum
51
what is the term for this condition
carpal vaLgus
L for laterally turned
52
what is the term for this condition
carpal varus
53
What artery is a commonly used for blood pressure
median
54
what side of the elbow is the capitulum located and what does it articulate with?
laterally, articulates with the radius
55
what side of the elbow is the trochlea located and what does it articulate with?
medial side, articulates w/ the ulna
56
what is circled
radial head
57
what does the arrow point to
medial epicondyle
58
what is circled
lateral epicondyle
59
what is the arrow poinitng to
medial coronoid process of the ulna
60
which ulnar process is most susceptible to injury due to its location
medial coronoid process
61
what runs through the supracondylar foramen in cats
medial nerve and brachial artery
62
dogs have a **supra-tochlear foramen** what runs through it?
nada major
63
identify 1-10
1. iliac crest
2. sacroiliac joint
3. body of ilium
4. acetabulum
5. ischium
6. ischaitic tuberosity
7. pubis
8. obturator foramen
9. femoral head
10. greater trochanter
64
what is circled
sarcoiliac joint
65
what is the arrow pointed to
obturator foramen
66
what are the femoral growth plates
femoral head (capital physis)
greater trochanter
distal femur
67
what are the main components of the coxofemoral joint
joint capsule
muscular sling
igament of the head of the femur
68
what are the hip extensors
* 'hamstrings' = biceps femoris, semitentinosus, semimembranosus
* deep gluteal
* middle gluteal
69
what are the main hip flexors
iliacus
iliopsoas
70
what nerve innervates the hip flexors
femoral n.
71
what's wrong
acetabulum fucked
narrowing of pelvis
messes w/ pooping
72
what part of pelvis is broken
tuber ischii
73
what's wrong
coxofemoral luxation
74
what is the best location for placing an itraosseous catheter
trochanteric fossa
75
what's wrong
hip dysplasia
76
what factors contribute to hip dysplasia
* genetics
* nutrition
* bw
* rate of growth
* too much movement --> secondary osteoarthiritis
77
what's wrong
hip dysplasia
78
morphological signs of hip dysplasia
* flattening of femoral heads
* thickening of femoral neck
* acetabular remodeling
* osteophytes
79
what image is normal vs fucked up
far left- good
middle, right - hip dysplasia
80
what's wrong
capital physeal fracture
81
what's wrong
capital physeal fracture
82
what's wrong
aseptic necrosis of femoral head
83
when doing a forelimb bone marrow aspirate, what bone gets aspirated
deltoid tuberosity
provides flat surface
84
when doing a hindlimb bone marrow aspirate, what bone gets aspirated
wing of ilium
85
what bone is in red
ilium
86
what bone is in yellow
pubis
87
what bone is in blue
ischium
88
what's in green
pubic symphysis
89
which is the acetabulum
where ilium, pubis and sichium come together
90
what growth plate is in pink
femoral head (capital physis)
91
what growth plate is circled in blue
greater trochanter
92
what growth plate is circled by yellow
distal femur
93
when does a pelvic fracture need to go to surgery
* >45% narrowing of pelvic canal
* weight bearing disturbed
* neurologic injury
94
what breeds are susceptible to aseptic necrosis of femoral head (blood supply to femoral head disrupted) and how old are they when it happens
mini poodles, westies, other terriers
4-11 months
95
treatment for aseptic necrosis of femoral head
take off femoral head
96
what type of animal (breed and such) is more susceptible to capital physeal dysplasia?
young, overweight MN cats
growth plate remains open causing disorganized growth plates
97
what's wrong
capital physeal dysplasia
persistently open, disorganized growth plates
98
what's wrong
capital physeal dysplasia
99
what ligament is torn
ligament of femoral head
100
the trochlea of the humerus articulates with what
trochlear notch of the ulna
101
what's wrong here
elbow incongruency
developmental condition caused by differences in the growth rate of the radius and ulna
102
what are the 3 antebrachial growth plates
proximal radius
distal radius
**distal ulna**
103
what ligament is the main stabilizer of the radial head
annular ligament
104
what are 3 clinically relevant nerves that can be found in the brachial plexus
radial n.
musculocutaneous n.
medial and ulnar n.
105
identify 1-5
1. femur
2. 2. patella
3. fabella (sesamoid bones in gastrocnemius)
4. tibia
5. fibula
106
what are the arrows pointing to
sesamoid bones
107
what growth plates can be seen here
distal femur and proximal tibia
108
where does the patellar ligament attach
tibial tuberosity
109
what's wrong
tibial tuberosity avulsion
110
what is the main muscle surrounding the lateral aspect of the stifle
biceps femoris
fascia lata (arrows)
111
muscle(s) that function to extend the hip and flex/extend the stifle joint
biceps femoris
112
what muscle(s) surround the medial aspect of the stifle?
sartorius
flexes stifle and hip
113
group of muscles on the cranial aspect of the femur that attach to the patellar tendon
quadriceps
- rectus femoris
- vastus lateralis
- vastus medialis
- vastus intermedius
114
what muscles surround the lateral and medial distal stifle
long digital extensor
gastrocnemius
popliteus (helps rotate stifle)
115
what are the arrows pointing to
extensor fossa of the long digital extensor tendon
116
what is wrong
lateral osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD) of the femur
| genetic
117
what is the function of the cranial cruciate ligament
* prevents hyperextension of the stifle joint
* prevents inernal rotation of stifle joint
* prevents cranial tibial translation
118
what is the function of the cadual cruciate ligament
prevents caudal tibial translation
119
the popliteal lymph node is located ______ to the stifle joint
caudal
120
what is the easiest way to test for CCL (cranial cruciate lig) tear
draw test
patella, lateral fabella, tibial tuberostiy, fibular head
121
common repair techniques for CCL tear
extra capsular repair
TPLO
TTA (tibial tuberostiy advancement)
122
hearing an audible pop as a dog walks can be a sign of what type of injury
meniscal tear
123
what is the most commonly injured meniscus in the stifle
medial meniscus
124
it is very common for a CCL tear to be accompanied by a tear to what other ligament?
medial meniscus
125
what is this procedure
arthrocentesis of the stifle joint
lateral to the patellar ligament and 1/2 way between the patella and tibial tuberosity
126
what nerve do you need to be mindful of when giving IM injections in the area of the hamstrings
Sciatic n
127
When performing a splenectomy, what artery is it important to spare otherwise it will kill that part of the stomach
left gastroepiploic
128
Where does the left gastroepiploic artery run
greater curvature of the stomach
129
What arteries are at high risk of tearing during GDV and can cause hemoabdomen
short gastric arteries
130
What does the splenic artery give off
Left gastroepiploic and short gastric arteries
131
What are you trying to physically accomplish in GDV surgey
De-rotate stomach, pylorus has rotated itself 180-270 degrees from right to left side. Pull pylorus back to the right side while pushing down on fundus
132
Patient presents with ptyalism (excessive drooling), non-reproductive retching, distended and tympanic abdomen and weak femoral pulses. What is likely differential
GDV
133
What is the holding layer for closing the intestines
submucosa
134
When making enterotomy incision where in relation to the FB do you want to make the cut and why
Aborad (away from mouth) to FB because dont want to cut into compromised tissue
135
What does aborad mean
what does orad mean
aborad = away from mouth
orad = toward mouth
136
What type of blood supply does the duodenum and colon have
segmented
137
What part of the small intestines has the anti-mesenteric vessel
ileum
138
What type of blood supply does the jejunum have
arcurate
139
what's this? (hint: normal)
pylorus
140
where is gas present
fundus
patient on R lateral
141
where is gas present
pylorus
patient L lateral
142
method to measure liver size
gastric axis
143
larger breed dogs are more likely to get ______shunts whereas smaller breed dogs are more likely to get _______shunts
larger: intrahepatic shunt
smaller: extrahelpatic shunt
144
T/F: The majority of microvascular dysplasia (MVD) patients do not need medical therapy and have a normal life expectatncy
T
145
what ligaments connect the lesser omentum to the stomach and liver
hepatoduodenal and hepatogastric ligament
146
what ligaments connet the greater omentum to the diaphragm, spleen and colon
Gastrophrenic, gastrosplenic and gastrocolic ligaments
147
what are these? are they normal?
siderotic plaques on the spleen
normal
148
what is the source of most gall bladder secretions in dogs
accessory pancreatic duct
(only 20% of cats have)
149
what ligament attaches the duodenum to the body wall; a common place for foreign bodies to get stuck
duodenocolic ligament
150
what do the top and bottom arrows point to
top: anti messenteric vessel (how you identify the ileum)
bottom: cecum
151
what can be seen here, where are they found
peyer's patch
lymphoid follicles in the distal jejunum and ileum
152
where do you cut to perform a gastrotomy
1/2 way between greater and lesser curvature of the stomach
153
what do these rads show
GVD
154
when prepping for GVD surgery, where do you place IVC and why
in the forelimbs, the gastric distention can occlude venous return to the heart
155
what artery(s) are at risk for tearing when stomach twists (GVD)
short gastric arteries
156
what is the importance of the sacrotuberous ligament
ligament that runs from the sacrum to the ischial tuberosity, present in dogs but absent in cats
gives dogs a bit more structure to their pelvis
157
the calcaneus is located ....
laterally
158
the talus is located...
medially
159
what muscles make up the common calcanean tenodn
gastrocnemius
superficial digital flexor
common tendon
160
in addition to the calcaneal tendon, cats have an extra muscle the ________
soleus
161
what diagnosis could these clinical signs indicate....
plantigrade stance
pain on flexion/extention of tarsus
swelling over calcaneus
ruptured calcaneal tendon
162
what are the tarsal collateral ligaments
long and short collateral
163
the lateral saphenous is a common vein to draw blood from in _____ whereas in _____, the medial saphenous is more commonly used
lateral saphenous - dogs
medial saphenous - cats
164
what part of the calcaneus is indicated by the darker blue
calcaneal tuber
165
what bone is indicated by light blue
calcaneus
166
what bone is green
trochlea of talus
167
what bone is in purple
central tarsal bone
168
what does the red point to
trochlea
169
what does the yellow point to
talus
170
what is the arrow pointing to
medial tibial malleous
171
what is the arrow pointing to
talus
172
what is each arrow pointing to
top arrow: calcaneal process
bottom arrow: calcaneus
173
identify 1-10
1. calcaenus
2. talus
3. central and 4th tarsal bones
4. 1st to 4th tarsal bones
5. tibial cochlea
6. metatarsal bones
7. tarsocrural joint
8. proximal intertarsal joint
9. distal intertarsal joint
10. tarsometatarsal joint
174
what joints are indicated by each arrow
yellow: tarsocrural (tibio-tarsal)
pink: proximal intertarsal
blue: distal intertarsal
green: tarsometatarsal
175
what joints are indicated by each arrow
yellow: tibio-tarsal joint
pink: proximal intertarsal joint
blue: distal intertarsal joint
green: tarsometatarsal joint
176
what is the issue
OCD at the medial malleous
medial trochlear ridge is a common spot for OCD to occur
177
when might it be appropriate to perform an intertarsal arthrodesis
if an intertarsal joint gets torn
178
what is the mobile joint of the tarsus
tarsocrural
(tibio tarsal)
179
what nerve innervates the posterior muscles of the hock, those used in extension
tibial nerve
180
what nerve innnervates the more anterior muscles of the hock, those that flex the hock
fibular nerve
think F (fucking kick someone)
