Exam questions Stuvia 1 Flashcards by A H

H1: Dr. Goldheim is conducting research into the normal developmental milestones of toddlers. Which
of the following is a major issue that applies to this age period?
a. guided self-regulation
b. formation of an effective attachment
c. individuation
d. developing a sense of competence

A.
In addition to guided self-regulation, other issues include increased autonomy, increased
awareness of the self and others, awareness of standards for behavior, and self-conscious emotions

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H1: A discussion of global prevalence of mental illness and the allocation of resources for dealing with
these issues requires careful consideration of how ________ models influence thinking in these
areas.
a. socialist
b. traditional
c. outdated
d. Western

D.
Global perspectives require careful thinking about Western models of development, disorder
and intervention, and the vastly different experiences of children who live in resource-rich versus
resource-poor countries.

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H1: The frequencies and patterns of distributions of disorders in infants, children, and adolescents are
the major focus of ________.
a. behavioral neuroscience
b. psychopathological prevalence studies
c. developmental epidemiology
d. social psychopathology

C.
Developmental epidemiology examines both the incidence and prevalence of such conditions
across a population.

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H1: Dr. Matthews believes that the best way to consider the psychological disorders that may afflict
children is to do so by thinking about the conditions within the context of typical development. This
allows him to compare typical functioning to atypical behaviors. This is the basis of _________
psychopathology.
a. developmental
b. pediatric
c. constructivistic
d. individualistic

A.
Developmental psychopathology also recognizes that typical development can include everyday
problems and difficult phases, which must be distinguished from true psychological disorders.

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H1: With sociocultural definitions of what is considered typical or atypical at a given time or place,
what becomes the very basis of definitions of psychological disorders?
a. value judgments
b. statistical standards
c. mental health standards
d. gender and sexual norms

A.
As an example of this point, whether casual use of mind-altering substances is tolerated or
condemned by a particular sociocultural group influences conceptualizations of pathological
addiction.

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H1: Professor Chung is interested in knowing how many cases of pediatric schizophrenia have emerged
in the last twelve months. His research is examining the ________ of this condition.
a. epidemiology
b. incidence
c. prognosis
d. prevalence

B.
Incidence refers to the rate at which new cases arise (i.e., all new cases in a given time period).

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H1: Miguel is 11 years old. Recently he has been having emotional symptoms that are affecting his
peer relationships, causing problems with his school work, and have caused him to lose interest in
after-school activities. Miguel’s experience depicts an atypical situation according to the ________
perspective.
a. sociocultural norm
b. statistical deviance
c. mental health
d. adequate adaptation

C.
The mental health perspective prioritizes a child’s psychological well-being.

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H1: Which of the following might present a problem when using the statistical deviance perspective in
determining what is typical for a child?
a. Not everything that is statistically deviant is indicative of a disorder.
b. Most children who experience deviant symptoms are aware of their struggles, and will
try to hide them.
c. There are too many universal cultural standards of what is or is not deviant.
d. Parents become aware of such statistical norms and try to “mold” their children into
these behavior trends

A.
It is important to remember that “abnormal” or “atypical” does not necessarily mean that a disorder is occurring.

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H1: Stuart and Erin are concerned that their nine-year-old son, William, is obese. They decide to enroll
him in a local program that focuses on reducing childhood obesity through eating interventions,
exercise programs, and health education. Stuart tells the director, “I’m concerned that this program
will make William feel bad about himself for being overweight.” Stuart is concerned about which
concept?
a. stigmatization
b. traumatization
c. prevalence
d. epidemiology

A.
Stigmatization is the attachment of negative values to a condition that can lead to ridicule and embarrassment.

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H1: Which of the following is not a dimension along which the sociocultural norm perspective
considers what is typical or atypical behavior in children?
a. gender-specific expectations
b. age-related expectations
c. culture-relevant expectations
d. socioeconomic-specific expectations

D.
Socioeconomic status is not a major determining factor in determining normal versus abnormal behavior.

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H2: Dr. Dayton believes that 11-year old Amanda’s psychological struggles began in her early
childhood, and that as she grows and develops her troubles will also mature and change. Dr. Dayton
is a proponent of the modern version of the ________ perspective in developmental
psychopathology.
a. psychodynamic
b. sociocultural
c. humanistic
d. behavioral

A.
Modern psychodynamic theorists emphasize, among other points, a developmental perspective
focused on the origins of typical and atypical personality in early childhood and the constantly
changing psychological challenges faced by children as they age.

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H2: What is the primary reason for noting that families have a special impact on both typical and
atypical development in children?
a. A family is obligated to care for a child due to cultural considerations.
b. A family provides the socioeconomic level in which a child will be raised.
c. The family provides the first context for a child’s experiences.
d. A family provides the religious and spiritual foundation on which a child’s ethics will
develop.

C.
While many of these answers are accurate, the fact that the family provides a child’s first
context for development is the best response.

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H2: The modern study of positive psychology is a direct outcome of which earlier theoretical
perspective?
a. the psychodynamic paradigm
b. the humanistic approach
c. the cognitive-behavioral model
d. sociocultural theory

B.
The humanistic models are related to more recent discussions of the self, wellness and positive
psychology.

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H2: Dr. Prescott believes that young Jorge’s social anxiety comes from the fact that his older brother
suffers from similar symptoms. “It is clear that Jorge has acquired these symptoms by watching his
brother, and is now emulating these behaviors,” the doctor tells Jorge’s parents. Dr. Prescott believes
that the child’s symptoms have developed as a result of ________.
a. observational learning
b. classical conditioning
c. operant conditioning
d. ego defense mechanisms

A.
These theories propose that both typical and atypical behaviors are gradually acquired via
processes of learning, including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational
learning processes.

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H2: Which of the following would NOT be found in a discussion of how psychopathology develops from
a physiological model?
a. genetic contributions
b. cultural influences
c. structural impacts
d. chemical changes

B.
Physiological models propose that there is a genetic, structural, biological, or chemical basis for
all psychological processes and events.

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H2: Robert and Ben were both born in the 1950s. They lived through a period of intense civil rights
struggle, experienced the assassination of a president, and the economic impact of the Arab oil
embargo. Robert and Ben are part of the same birth ________.
a. order
b. cohort
c. paradigm
d. structure

B.
A birth cohort includes individuals born in a particular historical period who share key
experiences and events.

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H2: If you want to write a paper that examines the careers and writings of two of the primary
proponents of the humanistic model, who would you research?
a. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
b. Fritz Perls and Heinz Kohut
c. Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung
d. John Watson and B.F. Skinner

A.
Humanistic models, including those of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, emphasized
personally meaningful experiences, innate motivations for healthy growth, and the child’s purposeful
creation of a self

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H2: Dr. Patel believes that the children who come to her clinical practice either “do” or “do not” qualify
for a diagnosis of psychopathology. She assesses their symptoms and evaluates whether they are
suffering from a diagnosable psychology disorder. Dr. Patel operates from a(n) ________ model of
psychopathology.
a. psychometric
b. dimensional
c. categorical
d. attributional

C.
Categorical models of psychopathology emphasize discrete and qualitative differences in
individual patterns of emotion, cognition, and behavior.

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H2: Which of the following terms best summarizes the concept of neural plasticity in the human brain?
a. concrete
b. changeable
c. formalized
d. segmented

B.
Neural plasticity involves the development and modification of neural circuits, with nowconclusive evidence that both positive and negative experiences can influence the wiring of the
brain.

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H2: Behavioral models of psychopathology emphasize:
a. observable behavior within a specific environment.
b. the unconscious conflicts left over from one’s earlier years.
c. finding a level of comfort and acceptance with one’s true self-concept.
d. unrealistic or irrational ways of thinking about a given situation.

A.
In contrast to the inward orientation of the physiological and psychodynamic models, the
behavioral models have an outward orientation, focusing on the individual’s observable behavior
within a specific environment.

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H3: Nine-year-old Jonah has been training to run a 5k race with his father Ken, but he was
unexpectedly hospitalized with an illness. His physician has ordered a minimum of eight weeks of
rest. Ken talks with him about how he can stay in shape during the recovery period and running a
different race later in the year. Ken is working on ________ a developmental trajectory with Jonah.
a. controlling
b. initiating
c. mediating
d. discontinuing

C.
Mediating trajectories (or pathways) involves adjusting to deal with unexpected changes or
stressful circumstances that can change the course of what was expected to happen.

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H3: Mrs. Edmondson is a third grade teacher. She has worked in this position for 14 years, and is
regarded as one of the most effective teachers on the faculty. Students love her, parents rave about
her, and the administration has approached her about being the new school principle. Mrs.
Edmondson functions effectively in this environment, demonstrating a high level of ________.
a. competence
b. continuity
c. discontinuity
d. incompetence

A.
Competence, within the framework of developmental psychopathology, reflects effective
functioning in important environments.

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H3: When a group of children begin a scavenger hunt, they may all start at the same place but each
end up at different destinations. This exemplifies the concept of ________.
a. developmental psychopathology
b. multifinality
c. equifinality
d. mediating trajectories

B.
Multifinality is best understood as sets of similar beginnings that lead to different outcomes.

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H3: Jorge is nine years old and is currently a victim of child maltreatment. According to the text, who is
most likely to be perpetrating this inappropriate behavior with Jorge?
a. a teacher
b. a sibling
c. a parent
d. a stranger

C.
Most maltreatment (79%) was perpetrated by parents, with neglect as the most common form.

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H3: Sroufe and Rutter (1984) described adaptation (or maladaptation) as an ongoing activity, where one event may build into another, and so on. This model conceptualizes typical and/or atypical development as ________. a. a process b. quantitative c. discontinuous d. qualitative

A. Child psychopathology does not emerge suddenly but rather unfolds over time in a process of small changes and events that are cumulative.

H3: The core competencies model focuses on several different markers of healthy development. They include all but which of the following? a. self-control b. decision-making skills c. a moral system of belief d. self-efficacy

D. Self-efficacy is an important part of the self-concept, but it is not one of the specific aspects of the core competencies model.

H3: Dr. Patel is conducting research that involves testing different groups of children of different ages at the same point in time. This is an example of ________ research. a. sequential b. longitudinal c. correlational d. cross-sectional

D. Cross-sectional research involves the collection of data at a single point in time, with comparisons made among groups of participants

H3: Both of Tuan's parents suffer from eating disorders. His mother has struggled with anorexia nervosa in the past, and his father receives psychotherapy to help him avoid returning to behaviors that warranted the same diagnosis during his college years. Tuan is at ________ risk for developing an eating disorder. a. specific b. prognostic c. diagnostic d. nonspecific

A. Specific risk involves increased vulnerability to one particular disorder, while nonspecific risk involves increased vulnerability to any, or many, kinds of disorders.

H3: Which of the following is not one of the primary concerns found within the framework of developmental psychopathology? a. understanding how specific disorders develop b. knowing what happens over time to children who develop disorders c. discovering what can be done to help children with disorders d. fostering relationships between parents and teachers of children with specific disorder

D. Teachers and parents will be an important part of the process of assessing and treating disorders in children, but attending to the relationship between them is not a primary emphasis of developmental psychopathology.

H3: Which of the following have researchers found to be very important in terms of the role of risk factors on a child's development? a. the total number of risk factors a child experiences b. the type of risk factors each child encounters c. whether or not there are supportive figures to respond to risk factors d. the size of a child's peer group when risk factors occur

A. Many researchers have observed that the total number of risk factors that children experience is even more important than the particular type of risk factors.

H4: When working with a 4-year old child whose verbal skills are limited, Dr. Kane is still able to glean quite a bit of useful information from observing the young client. Which of the following would be a source of important data to help inform the assessment process? a. the child's behavioral and play patterns b. whether or not the child's parents make timely payments for the services c. the child's report card from preschool classes d. whether the child ever misses scheduled appointments

A. Even the youngest children with limited verbal skills can be expected to provide unique assessment data through, for example, their behavioral and play patterns.

H4: One of the major concerns within a given classification effort is heterogeneity. This refers to: a. showing common patterns to immediate symptoms and the future course of their disorder. b. the ways that children with a similar disorder will show idiosyncratic sets of difficulties or symptoms. c. the likelihood that a child will be diagnosed with more than one disorder at the same time. d. the ways in which one's symptoms will improve or decline over time.

B. While we expect some degree of similarity in the clinical presentations of children with the same disorder, the DSM-5 description of any particular disorder usually includes a variety of domains and symptoms, allowing for countless combinations.

H4: What is the value of combining the results from different outcome research studies using a technique called meta-analysis? a. This technique provides justification for individualized treatment plans that craft new techniques based on the needs of unique clients. b. This technique helps determine if a psychotherapeutic intervention works and whether it provides significant benefits for those receiving treatment. c. Meta-analysis eliminates error from research by combining all studies on a given topic together into one statistical assessment. d. Using meta-analysis is far less costly and requires less specific training than other forms of outcome research.

B. Results of numerous meta-analyses confirm that psychotherapy works, with statistically significant and clinically meaningful effects for infants, toddlers, children, and adolescents.

H4: Dr. Benitez is conducting a study that aims to identify the specific mechanisms and common factors that account for client change that occurs through psychotherapy. This would be an example of a(n) ________ study. a. process b. outcome c. meta-analytic d. subjective

A. Process research deals with the specific mechanisms and common factors that account for therapeutic change.

H4: In the DSM-5 (published in 2013), the arrangement of categories reflects a more ________ perspective of psychological disorders. a. psychodynamic b. neurocognitive c. humanistic d. developmental

D. Descriptions of disorders reflect a developmental perspective and include age-related factors relevant to diagnosis as well as information about how symptoms may vary across the lifespan.

H4: Considering the values of a good classification system, which of the following is NOT demonstrated when such a system helps to enhance clinical utility? a. The system helps clarify thinking about the expression of particular disorders. b. The system helps to increase knowledge of the etiology of particular disorders. c. The system helps to clarify thinking about the emergence of particular disorders. d. The system helps to enhance understanding of the prognosis and treatment of particular disorders.

B. A good classification system enhances clinical utility; that is, it helps clarify thinking about the expression and emergence of particular disorders, and about prognosis and treatment decisions.

H4: When Chizu brings her daughter to Dr. Malik for an assessment, he asks questions to understand the girl's problems. He learns that she has been having mood-related difficulties, but that she has never had a manic episode. Dr. Malik is therefore able to differentiate between a diagnosis of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. This process of distinguishing between two mutually exclusive conditions is called ________ diagnosis. a. nomothetic b. discriminative c. externalized d. differential

D. At times, DSM-5 classification requires clinicians to make differential diagnoses, or decisions about mutually exclusive categories of disorder.

H4: After her son is born six weeks premature, Amanda is connected to a service that provides interventions that will foster healthy growth and development in the child. The goal is to promote a normal progression through his first months and to avoid any problems that can be prevented. This service is an example of a(n) ________ prevention measure. a. indicated b. universal c. tertiary d. selective

A. Indicated preventive measures provide for groups with specific risk factors that include more extensive interventions.

H4: The dimensional and categorical approaches to classification are each supported by research as they apply to different psychological disorders. Which of the following people has a diagnosis that is more consistent with the categorical approach? a. Estella, who has been diagnosed with intellectual disability. b. Frank, who has been diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. c. Rania, who has been diagnosed with major depressive disorder. d. Parker, who has been diagnosed with conduct disorder.

A. For some disorders, including severe intellectual disabilities and attachment disorders, research identifies important discontinuities in typical and atypical development (consistent with categorical classification strategies).

H4: Which of the following is a potential drawback of using a classification system? a. It can lead a clinician to use the easiest treatment approach rather than the most effective approach. b. It can lead to a high rate of misdiagnosis since so many conditions have common symptoms. c. It can lead to the loss of individual information. d. It can lead to stigmatizing those with psychological problems since such systems are a matter of public record.

C. Any classification results in the loss of individual information. Classification in developmental psychopathology is focused on the many ways in which children with particular disorders are alike.

H5: Which of the following would be a concern for the parents of a child who has disinhibited social engagement disorder? a. lack of friendships b. stranger abduction c. limited communication d. peer group phobias

B. In addition to showing little reticence in approaching unfamiliar adults, children with DSED display also display a willingness to go off with them.

H5: Ahmad and Rhea have been struggling with their ten-month-old son's sleep behavior for weeks. He has difficulty falling asleep at night, and even when he does he will often wake up later and be awake for long periods. What is the best strategy for the couple to address this issue? a. let the problem run its course b. give the child an herbal sedative c. increase the child's daytime activity d. maintain a common bedtime

D. Schedules and routines related to a child's bedtime have been shown to be helpful in establishing good sleep habits and reducing sleep problems

H5: Three-month old Javier has recently completed a key biobehavioral shift in his development that is marked by which of the following? a. communication of feelings b. establishment of routines c. consideration of choices d. exploration of environments

B. The first of three biobehavioral shifts occurs between two and three months of age, in which an infant adapts to life outside the womb through rhythmic routines of feeding, dressing, and comforting.

H5: Adam is concerned about his young daughter Rachel. Whether they are at the playground, the grocery store, the doctor's office, or even when family and friends drop by, Rachel acts shy and timid. This demonstrates the ________ of temperament. a. stability b. permanence c. consistency d. resistance

C. Temperamental consistency occurs across a variety of situations.

H5: A psychologist who is evaluating a child for potential reactive attachment disorder would observe the child's interactions with ________. a. all people b. peers c. parents d. adult strangers

C. Child-caregiver relationships are most affected by reactive attachment disorder, so a child's interaction with parents would be the focus of an evaluation for RAD.

H5: Two-year-old Maya is crying and pulling at her mother Jane's pant leg because she wants a popsicle. Jane says matter-of-factly, "Maya, when you quiet down and act like a big girl, then you may have a popsicle." Maya quickly stops whining and sits quietly at her play table, looking hopeful for a treat. What temperament trait is Maya exhibiting? a. extraversion b. reactivity c. surgency d. effortful control

D. Effortful control is a child's ability to regulate stimulation and response; Maya was able to calm her distress in response to her mother's request.

H5: Which of the following children is least likely to develop a sleep-wake disorder? a. Rosa, who has a disorganized attachment with her parents b. Ling, who has a resistant attachment with her parents c. Ben, who has an avoidant attachment with his parents d. Sanjay, who has a secure attachment with his parents

D. Children who display insecure attachments are more likely to display sleep problems.

H5: Attachment can best be described as what type of concept? a. social b. cognitive c. genetic d. physiological

A. Attachment refers to the relationship between an infant and the primary caregiver.

H5: Which of the following children is most likely to behave inappropriately with adults? a. Marya, who has an avoidant attachment with her parents b. Tyler, who has an disorganized attachment with his parents c. DeShaun, who has a secure attachment with his parents d. Raisa, who has a resistant attachment with her parents

B. Children who have disorganized attachments with caregivers are at greater risk for developing disinhibited social engagement disorder, which is marked by patterns of inappropriate behavior with unfamiliar adults

H5: Complete the following analogy. Child is to temperament as parent is to ________. a. extraversion b. disposition c. personality d. attachment

C. Understanding temperament in young children is the first step toward understanding the development of personality.

H7: Because Monique's son Terrence has ASD and communicates little, she has learned to interpret his particular behaviors. She knows that when Terrence stands and flaps his hands repeatedly, he usually is ________. a. angry b. bored c. happy d. anxious

D. Repetitive behaviors such as rocking and hand flapping in children with ASD appear to be associated with anxiety.

H7: Which of the following is NOT one of the core symptom areas of autism spectrum disorder? a. stereotypical behaviors b. impaired language c. cognitive delays d. social isolation

C. The three key areas of deviance from the norm in ASD are social isolation, impaired language and communication, and stereotypical behaviors.

H7: _______ is necessary for someone to engage in a shared social experience with another person. a. Theory of mind b. Joint attention c. Fixed interest d. Secure attachment

B. Joint attention is the capacity to coordinate one's visual attention with the attention of another person, helping a person respond to and direct the behavior of others in order to share experiences.

H7: The standard role of mirror neurons implicates them in which aspect of autism spectrum disorder? a. cognitive b. behavioral c. emotional d. social

D. Because mirror neurons help people to understand the motor acts of others and the intentions for the acts, they play a role in social cognition.

H7: Javier has recently been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Which of the following will Javier be most excited to see every time he goes to his preschool? a. Tree Man, a robot toy b. Ms. Ellie, his teacher c. Lily, a pretty classmate d. Rocco, the class aide

A. Toddlers with ASD show a lack of engagement with people and enhanced engagement with things.

H7: Latrell is a new high school freshman with autism spectrum disorder. As he enters the teenage social world, which of the following emotions is Latrell least likely to pick up on when interacting with his peers? a. anger b. sorrow c. joy d. remorse

D. Individuals with ASD generally can recognize basic emotions such as happiness and anger, but have difficulty with complex emotions such as embarrassment and guilt.

H7: The "plaid" concept noted by Attwood (1998) reflects what aspect of autism spectrum disorder? a. lack of connections b. rigid, linear routines c. individual differences d. savant tendencies

C. According to Attwood's perspective, all autism spectrum disorders are plaid, but each ASDdiagnosed individual "wears" a different type of plaid.

H7: Which of the following accurately reflects the change in reported prevalence of autism spectrum disorder over the past decade? a. from over 3 percent to under 2 percent b. from under 1 percent to over 1 percent c. from over 1 percent to under 3 percent d. from over 2 percent to under 1 percent

B. The reported incidence of ASD in 2007 was 1 in 150 (under 1 percent). The reported incidence in 2012 was 1 in 88 (just over 1 percent)

H7: Which of the following terms best describes the Lovaas treatment model for people with ASD? a. mainstream b. holistic c. cognitive d. sequential

D. Applied behavior analysis focuses first on decreasing the client's negative behaviors, then shifts to increasing language and peer interaction

H7: Which of the following children demonstrates affective social competence? a. Tamika feels happy when dad comes home. b. Rogerio can tell that his friend Peter is sad. c. Heather tells her teacher she is feeling sick. d. Sam draws smiles on all of his action figures.

B. A key aspect of affective social competence is the ability to read others' emotional signals

H9: Thirteen-year-old Jose acts restless and talkative in school, at home, and even in church. Jose's symptoms best fit the DSM-5 ADHD criteria for which of the following? a. pervasiveness b. impairment c. intensity d. age of onset

A. Jose's symptoms are pervasive because they occur in multiple settings. His ability to function effectively in these settings is not noted, and the DSM-5 criteria for ADHD require symptoms to be present before age 12.

H9: Which of the following aspects of ADHD tend to be stable over time? a. genetic cause b. general diagnosis c. symptom intensity d. comorbid disorders

B. Although individuals with ADHD vary widely in symptoms, progression, and improvements, the initial diagnosis of the disorder demonstrates significant stability over time.

H9: Which of the following will likely decrease in response to Danita's psychosocial treatment for ADHD? a. her nonstop fidgeting b. her lack of attention c. her parental disobedience d. her task forgetfulness

C. Positive outcomes of psychosocial treatment for ADHD are most often related to lessening of problems related to self, school, family, and peers rather than core ADHD symptoms.

H9: Despite her diagnosis of ADHD, Lakesha scores high on standardized intelligence tests. This means that Lakesha's ________ is functioning at a high level. a. working memory b. self-regulation c. effortful control d. dual influence

A. Working memory is the component of executive function that is most closely related to intelligence

H9: In the Mesa Verde school district, 3 of the fifth grade girls are diagnosed with ADHD. About how many of the fifth grade boys in the district likely have the same diagnosis? a. 6 b. 9 c. 15 d. 21

C. Boys receive diagnoses of ADHD four to five times more often than girls.

H9: Symptomatic rating scales used to assess potential ADHD in children are useful for the purpose of ________. a. mainstreaming b. testing c. comparing d. treating

C. ADHD symptom rating scales provide information about the degree to which an individual deviates from established norms.

H9: Which of the following is NOT an aspect of executive function that is considered key to a person's general success? a. flexibility b. creativity c. discipline d. attentiveness

D. Diamond and Lee (2011) note creativity, flexibility, self-control, and discipline as four EF qualities that underlie success

H9: Which term best reflects the inheritance factor of ADHD? a. phenotypic b. recessive c. dominant d. polygenic

D. A variety of genetic variants are implicated in the development of ADHD.

H9: Self-regulation in humans reflects a conflicting dynamic between which of the following? a. genetics and environment b. present and future c. physiology and emotion d. academics and relationships

B. Self-regulation refers to actions taken to achieve future goals despite conflicting present desires

H9: Which of the children in Ms. Chao's preschool classroom is most likely to be diagnosed with ADHD later in life? a. Teo, who won't share sandbox toys b. Priya, who gossips about her friends c. Ronnie, who loves to run and jump d. Heather, who talks during quiet time

D. The majority of children who will at some point be diagnosed with ADHD display poor inhibition and inattention in their preschool years.

H11: The first step in assessing a child for possible somatic symptom disorder is ________. a. conducting genetic tests of the parents b. seeing if symptoms are medically induced c. checking similar symptoms among peers d. testing relevant environments for toxins

B. Before checking if a child's physical complaints are psychological, clinicians must rule out actual medical causes for the symptoms.

H11: Which of the following disorders diagnosed in an 8-year-old will most likely still be applicable when the child is 12? a. panic disorder b. separation anxiety disorder c. social phobia d. generalized anxiety disorder

A. Among specific anxiety disorders, the diagnoses for specific (not social) phobia and panic disorder are most stable over time.

H11: Ms. Chang knew that Isaac would be frightened during the kindergarten trip to the petting zoo, so she paired him up with Khaled, a friendly boy who is afraid of almost nothing. How will Isaac's fear of animals be decreased on this school trip? a. cognitive restructuring b. systematic desensitization c. psychoeducation d. participant modelling

D. Being paired with a child who is not fearful will model appropriate behavior for Isaac, whose fear will be reduced due to observational learning.

H11: As a child grows, their emotion-regulation methods become more ________. a. physical b. specialized c. partner-based d. disjointed

B. With age and experience, a child's strategies for regulating emotion become more differentiated.

H11: Research indicates that there may be genetic similarities that create higher risk factors for ________. a. somatic symptom disorders and eating disorders b. obsessive-compulsive disorder and conversion disorder c. anxiety disorders and somatic symptom disorders d. mood disorders and anxiety disorders

D. Genetic research indicates many connections between vulnerability to anxiety-based disorders and vulnerability to mood disorders – with clear overlap of genetic influences for development of anxiety and depression

H11: When Dr. Johnson asked him to describe his feelings of anxiety, Rajon said that he feels constantly on edge. What will the doctor's diagnosis likely be for Rajon? a. generalized anxiety disorder b. separation anxiety c. panic disorder d. obsessive-compulsive disorder

A. People who have GAD experience continual hyperarousal.

H11: When 8-year-old Jenny feels her heart beating fast after being on the playground, she gets nervous that something is wrong and she might die. Which of the following best describes what Jenny is experiencing? a. specific phobia b. generalized anxiety disorder c. panic disorder d. anxiety sensitivity

. D. Anxiety sensitivity includes hypervigilance to bodily sensations, focusing on weak or infrequent sensations, and experiencing distorted cognitions about physical sensations.

H11: Before every math test he takes in junior high, Tuan gets an upset stomach and throws up. Afterwards, he feels more calm and usually gets an A on the test – just as his parents demand. Which of the following describes Tuan's pre-test experience? a. compulsion b. somatization c. fixation d. obsession

B. Somatization is a variety of processes in which psychological distress is manifested in physical symptoms, such as headache, fatigue, pain, sore muscles, and abdominal distress.

H11: Which of the following children is experiencing worry? a. Terry, who found a giant spider on her pillow before bed b. Rajesh, who is concerned about next week's math test c. Linda, who is standing on a high, windy outdoor balcony d. Javier, who just came upon a rattlesnake on the bike trail

B. Worry is anxiety about a possible future event; fear is anxiety in the presence of a specific stimulus.

H11: Despite many assurances to the contrary from his parents, Malcolm insists that monsters are in the basement. He even sees their eyes peeking from underneath the basement door. He says they want to capture him, so Malcolm has refused to go down to the playroom for the past four months. What is Malcolm experiencing? a. obsessions b. delusions c. phobias d. compulsions

A. Obsessions are persistent and intense intrusions of unwanted thoughts or images.

H12: Compared to major depressive disorder, the symptom profile of persistent depressive disorder is ________. a. milder and shorter b. milder but longer c. stronger but shorter d. stronger and longer

. B. Compared to people with major depressive disorder, people with persistent depressive disorder display less severe symptoms for longer periods of time.

H12: A person who has been suffering from persistent depressive disorder and then begins to exhibit episodes of hypomania would likely be diagnosed with which of the following? a. bipolar I disorder b. bipolar II disorder c. cyclothymia d. dysthymia

C. Cyclothymia is diagnosed when someone presents a combination of hypomanic episodes and depressive symptoms that do not meet the threshold for a major depressive episode.

H12: Over the past few weeks at dinner, Harry has been yammering about things that happened in high school, talking loudly and rapidly and going from an algebra story to a cafeteria story to an unrelated but strident commentary about action movies – all without seeming to take a breath! Which of the following is Harry likely experiencing? a. delusions b. elated mood c. grandiosity d. flight of ideas

D. Flight of ideas is a symptom of mania in which the person rapidly and continuously jumps from topic to topic, often using loud, pressured speech.

H12: Teenagers' heavy use of social media can most directly increase the risk of suicidality via which of the following? a. information overload b. social comparison c. social isolation d. peer contagion

D. While social isolation and social comparison can cause feelings of distress among social media users, the modeling dynamic among teens who openly discuss suicide as an option can raise suicidality

H12: Which of the following terms best reflects the concept of positive identity? a. knowledge b. definition c. approval d. existence

. C. Positive identify focuses on accepting and celebrating one's self, roles, relationships, and responsibilities

H12: Dr. Guzman researches the role of social/circadian rhythm disruption in the development of bipolar disorder. Which of the following is a key aspect of the doctor's research? a. peer relationships b. prenatal toxins c. sleep patterns d. family histories

C. In the social/circadian rhythm model, disruptions in a person's circadian rhythms, such as sleep patterns, can lead to mood symptoms that occur in bipolar disorder.

H12: A large medical center hosts a support group for the parents of 100 children who have bipolar II disorder. About how many of the children will eventually develop bipolar I? a. 6 b. 14 c. 22 d. 31

C. Approximately 20% to 25% of children and adolescents with bipolar II will convert to bipolar I over time.

H12: High school sophomore Latoya was recently diagnosed with depression and began seeing a psychotherapist. Which of the following will be a primary factor in whether Latoya is able to overcome her depression? a. motivation b. intelligence c. socioeconomics d. medication

A. Motivation is a key contributor to successful treatment of mood disorders, particularly for adolescents, who are often reluctant to participate in therapy.

H12: Eight-year-old David and 16-year-old Kurt inherited risk factors for depression from their parents, and have been diagnosed with major depressive disorder. How will the length of major depressive episodes for David and Kurt compare? a. Kurt's episodes will be three times longer than David's. b. David's episodes will be about the same length as Kurt's. c. Kurt's episodes will be about half as long as David's. d. David's episodes will be almost four times longer than David's

C. Median duration of major depression episodes in children is four months; median length for adolescents is two months.

H12: At what age do rates of nonsevere major depressive disorder begin to show a substantial increase in gender disparity? a. 7 b. 11 c. 9 d. 13

B. Rates of nonsevere MDD are fairly similar for pre-adolescent boys and girls, but the girls' rate begins to significantly outpace the boys' rate at age 11 and continues to be much higher through the remainder of childhood.