Week 7: HC Dyslexia and dyscalculia - Snowling - Mammerella - HC Trauma - Parritz H8 Flashcards
(138 cards)
What approach is needed to diagnose a learning disorder (dyslexia and dyscalculia)? (HC Learning Disorders)
- Low achievement
- Discrepancy with general intelligence
- Response to instruction
What is the Low achievement model? (HC LD)
- Measuring a specific skill (reading, spelling, math)
- Determine whether performance is poor or not en when someone has LD
What are advantages and disadvantages of the Low achievement model? (HC LD)
Advantages: je kunt echt meten wat je wilt meten; for reading, spelling, math tests are available to measure performance.
Disadvantages: use of cut-off (possibility measurement error, unfair if a child falls just above/below cuf off, how to determine the cut off?) and assess only one specific skill (the unexpectedness of the poor outcome isn’t established, general learning outcomes/ability, related to enviornment)
What is the Discrepancy model? (HC LD)
- Measuring a specific skill (reading, math, spelling)
- Determine this outcome in relation to IQ
- If achievement on specific skill (e.g. reading) is significantly poorer than general cognitieve ability (IQ), then dyslexia/dyscalculia
What are advantages and disadvantages of the Discrepancy model? (HC LD)
Advantages: both the specific skill and intelligence can be measured; General cognitive ability is taken into account.
Discrepancy: measurement error is possible for both specific skill and general cognitive ability; Information on opportunity to learn is not taken into account; Wait-to-fail approach (intervention only after the skill fails to develop properly)
What are four problems of the Discrepancy model? (HC LD)
1: The relationship between reading and IQ is limited
2: There is a reciprocal relationship over time
3: The discrepancy disappears, but the reading problems don’t
4: Poor readers with and without IQ discrepancy don’t differ on reading outcomes, reading-related skills (phonological awareness), reading-treatment outcomes
What is the Response to instruction model (aka response to intervention model; HC LD)
- Measuring a specific ability at different time points
- Focus on development (growth) of the ability
- Takes into account how a child responds to fitting instruction in an optimal environment (establish whether a student is a non-responder; low achievement (irt class performance); persistance of the low achievement = slow growth)
- Takes into account the opportunity to learn (child/home and instruction)
Definitie Dyslexia (HC LD)
Severe and persistent word-level literacy difficulties that are not due to general learning problems, inadequate instruction or sensory limitations
What are environmental risk factors for poor literacy/dyslexia? (HC DL)
Home language environment; Exposure of books/stories; Amount and quality is essential.
What are child risk factors for poor literacy/dyslexia? (HC LD)
Reading motivation; Concentration; Motor skills; Parents with dyslexia; Oral language ability; Reading development (phoneme awareness, letter knowledge)
Definitie Phoneme awareness (HC LD)
The ability to perceive phonemes (sounds), store them and manipulate them. E.g.: swap first sounds (Mark Rutte > Rark Mutte), delete sounds (delete all ‘k’ in coffee cup container); Isolate phonemes to be able to connect them to graphemes (letters).
Definitie Letter knowledge (HC LD)
Recognize the symbols; Know the alphabet; Needed to know which letters relates to which phoneme
Definitie Rapid automized naming (RAN; HC LD)
Retrieve phonological information from memory; Needed for decoding visual symbols quickly
Where does diagnosis of dyslexia focuses on? (HC LD)
Exclusion and inclusion (severity and persistence of the literacy deficit).
What is included in the analysis of reading results in diagnostic assessments? (HC LD)
Accuracy and speed; Real words and pseudowords; Words and sentences; Error analysis (many errors and/or slow? Which errors?); Reading aloud and silently
What is included in the analysis of spelling outcomes in diagnostic assessments? (HC LD)
Accuracy and error analysis
Wanneer ontstaat stress? (Parritz)
Wanneer de eisen van een individu boven de beschikbare middelen uitsteken.
Definitie Coping (Parritz)
Heeft betrekking op de regulatieprocessen die geactiveerd worden als reactie op stress.
Welke delen van de hersenen zijn betrokken bij het stressreactie systeem? (Parritz)
Hippocampus, amygdala en prefrontale kwabben.
Vul in (Parritz). Stress activeert de …(1) en geeft het hormoon …(2) uit.
1: HPA-as
2: cortisol
Definitie Homeostase (Parritz)
Vermogen van het lichaam om de gezondheid te bewaken door constant het inwendige of interne milieu te herstellen en in evenwicht te houden, ook wanneer de omstandigheden veranderen.
Het stresshormoon cortisol activeert een fysiologisch systeem binnen het individu. Wat is een vervolg hiervan? (Parritz)
Bij het activeren van fysiologisch systeem wordt er constante feedback gegeven aan de HPA-as om opnieuw homeostase te bereiken.
Welke twee constructen helpen het proces van homeostase te beschrijven? (Parritz)
Allostatic en allostatic load
Definitie Allostatic (Parritz)
Het proces van blijvende stabiliteit door actieve middelen. Onderdeel van homeostase.