exam review

Question 1

people are born with knowledge, it is inate

Answer 1

socrates/plato

descartes agreed

Question 2

knowledge comes from experience

Answer 2

artistotle

locke agreed

Question 3

the mind likes to find patterns

Answer 3

bacon

Question 4

measuring atoms of the mind

Answer 4

wundt

Question 5

introduced structuralism

mentored margaret washburn

Answer 5

titchner

Question 6

introduced functionalism

mentored mary calkins

Answer 6

william james

Question 7

structuralism

Answer 7

discovering the structural elements of the mind

involved self-relfective introspection, which resulted in varying accounts/experiences

Question 8

functionalism

Answer 8

explored how mental and behavioral processes function

ie how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish

Question 9

behaviorism

Answer 9

the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes

Question 10

cognitive perspective

Answer 10

how reliable is memory? how can we improve our thinking?

Question 11

behavioral genetics

Answer 11

how are behaviors, skills, and attitudes determined by genetics?

Question 12

neuroscience

Answer 12

how does brain structure/function/activity influence emotion?

Question 13

evolutionary

Answer 13

what makes us prone to anger, panic, and irrational judgements?

Question 14

behaviorist

Answer 14

how are our problematic behaviors reinforced and how can we change them?

Question 15

psychodynamic

Answer 15

how do unresolved childhood issues impact you later in life

Question 16

social cultural

Answer 16

could our behaviors, skills, and attitudes be “downloads” from our culture?

Question 17

acetylcholine (ACH)

Answer 17

excitatory, muscle function, learning, memory, attention
too much = muscle spasms
too little = alzhiemers

Question 18

dopamine

Answer 18

inhibitory, mood, emotion, arousal
too much = schizophrenia, durg addiction
too little = parkinson’s

Question 19

serotonin

Answer 19

inhibitory, mood regulation, hunger, sleep
too much = hallucinations
too little = depression, mood disorders

Question 20

norepinephrine

Answer 20

ecitatory, arousal, alertness, fight or flight, mood elevation
too much = anxiety
too little = mood disorders, especially depression

Question 21

glutamate

Answer 21

main excitatory, basis of learning and long term memory

too much = migraines or seizures

Question 22

GABA

Answer 22

main inhibitory, regulates sleep/wake cycles
too much = sleep or eating disorders
too little = anxiety, epilepsy, insomnia, huntington’s

Question 23

endorphins

Answer 23

inhibitory, pain control, stress reduction, positive emotions
too much = artificial highs, poor response to pain
too little = opiate addiction

Question 24

brainstem

Answer 24

controls automatic survival functions

Question 25

medulla

Answer 25

controls heart beat and breathing

Question 26

pons

Answer 26

helps coordinate movement and sleep

Question 27

thalamus

Answer 27

sensory control center

Question 28

reticular formation

Answer 28

nerve network that plays a role in arousal and enables conscious awareness

Question 29

cerebellum

Answer 29

processes sensory input, balance, memory, learning

Question 30

hippocampus

Answer 30

processes conscious memories

Question 31

amygdala

Answer 31

linked to emotions like fear and anger

Question 32

hypothalamus

Answer 32

drives/reward center, directs eating and drinking, controls body temp and endocrine system

Question 33

broca's area

Answer 33

controls muscle movement required for language expression

Question 34

wernicke's area

Answer 34

understanding language

Question 35

cerebral cortex

Answer 35

control and info processing center

Question 36

frontal lobe

Answer 36

speaking and muscle movements, making plans, judgements

Question 37

parietal lobe

Answer 37

sensory info for touch and body position

Question 38

occipital lobe

Answer 38

includes visual corteces

Question 39

temporal lobe

Answer 39

includes auditroy areas

Question 40

motor cortex

Answer 40

controls voluntary movement

Question 41

somatosensory cortex

Answer 41

processes info from skin senses and movement of body parts

Question 42

association areas

Answer 42

parts of the cerebral cortex involved in higher mental functions such as thinking and learning

Question 43

why do we sleep?

Answer 43

``` it protects us restores/repairs brain tissue consolodates our memories boosts our thinking and learning supports growth ```

Question 44

What are the parts of a nueron and how are neural impusles generated?

Answer 44

neurons are the elementary components of the nervous system. a neuron receives signals through its branching dendrites and sends signals through its axons. some axons are encased in a myelin sheath which increases speed of transmission. if the combined signals exceed a maximum threshold, the neuron fires, transmitting an electrical impulse (action potential) down its axon by means of a chemistry-to-electricity process.

Question 45

how do nerve cells communicate with other nerve cells?

Answer 45

when the action potential reaches the end of the axon (axon terminals), they stimulate the release of neurotransmitters. these chemical messengers carry a message across the synapse to the receptor sites on the receiving neuron. Then, the sending neuron reabsorbs the excess neurotransmitter in the synaptic gap in a process called reuptake. if incoming signals are strong enough, the receiving neuron generates its own action potential and relays the message to other cells.

Question 46

what are the function of dreams?

Answer 46

freud's wish fulfillment: manifest and latent content, info processing, to develop and preserve neural pathways in the brain, neural activation, reflect the level of development of the dreamer.

Question 47

what are the functions of the various cerebral cortex regions?

Answer 47

the cerebral cortex has 2 hemispheres and each contains a parietal lobe, frontal lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe. glial cells support, protect, and nourish neurons and produce myelin. they also may play a role in thinking and leanring. the motor cortex controls voluntary movements. the somatosensory cortex registers and processes body touch and mvoement sensations. body parts that require more precise control or those that are more sensitive take up more space in each cortex. a major portion of each lobe is taken up by association areas.

Question 48

what is the biological rhythm of our sleeping and dreaming stages?

Answer 48

we cycle through 4 distinct sleep stages about every 90 minutes. first comes the irregular brain waves of NREM-1, often with the senation of floating or falling. NREM-2 follows and lasts about 20 minutes, characterized by sleep spindles in the brain waves. Then we enter NREM-3 for about 30 minutes with its large, slow delta waves. about an hour after falling asleep, periods of REM sleep begin along with dreaming. internally, we are aroused but are outwardly paralyzed.