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AP Psychology > unit 7 > Flashcards

unit 7 Flashcards

1
Q

motivation

A

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

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2
Q

instinct

A

a complex, unlearned behavior, that is rigidly patterned throughout a species

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3
Q

drive reduction theory

A

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

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4
Q

homeostasis

A

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry around a particular level

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5
Q

incentive

A

a positive or negative environmental stimuli that motivates behavior

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6
Q

optimum arousal theory

A

some motivated behaviors increase arousal

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7
Q

yerkes-dodson law

A

principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a certain point after which performance decreases

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8
Q

hierarchy of needs

A

maslow’s pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

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9
Q

glucose

A

the form of sgar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues

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10
Q

set point

A

the weight around which your brain tries to keep you

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11
Q

basal metabolic rate

A

the body’s resting rate of energy expidenture

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12
Q

ghrelin

A

made by an empty stomach

tells brain you’re hungry

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13
Q

insulin

A

made by pancreas

controls blood sugar

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14
Q

orexin

A

made by hypothalamus

triggers hunger

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15
Q

leptin

A

protein horomone made by fat cells

when there’s a lot, the brain decreases hunger and increases metabolism

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16
Q

PYY

A

made by digestive track

sends ‘not hungry’ signals

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17
Q

james-lange

A

stimulus - physiological arousal - emotional experience

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18
Q

schachter-singer

A

stimulus - physiological arousal - cognitive appraisal - emotional experience

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19
Q

cannon-bard

A

stimulus - physiological/emotional at same time

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20
Q

lazarus

A

stimulus - cognitive appraisal - physiological/emotional at same time

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21
Q

zajonc-ledoux

A

stimulus - emotional experience

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22
Q

stress

A

a condition in which the human system responds to changes in it’s normal, balanced state

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23
Q

stressor

A

anything that is perceived as challenging, threatening, or demanding

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24
Q

adaptation

A

change in response to a stressor

25
Q

alarm reaction

A

stressor upsets homestasis
adrenaline and cortisol produced
lowered immune response

26
Q

resistance

A

body fights back by adjusting to the stressor
long term response
adrenaline, cortisol, glucose are produced

27
Q

exhaustion

A

body no longer able to resist stressor

28
Q

free association

A

in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

29
Q

psychoanalysis

A

freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts, the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unsconscious tensions

30
Q

unconscious

A

according to freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories
according to current psychologists, info processing that we are not aware of

31
Q

id

A

reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual/aggressive impulses

32
Q

ego

A

mainly conscious, executive part of personality that mediates the demands of the super ego, id, and reality
operates on the reality principle - satisfying the id’s desires in a way that is socially acceptable and that brings pleasure not pain

33
Q

superego

A

part of personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscience) and future aspirations

34
Q

psychosexual stages

A

the childhood stages of development during which the id’s pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

35
Q

oedipus complex

A

a boy’s sexual desires for his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for his father

36
Q

identification

A

the process by which children incorporate their parent’s values into their developing superegos

37
Q

fixation

A

a lingering focus of pleasure seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage in which conflicts were unresolved

38
Q

defense mechanisms

A

in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

39
Q

repression

A

the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety arousing thoughts/feelings/memories from consciousness

40
Q

regression

A

restreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage

elementry schooler sucking their thumb when nervous

41
Q

reaction formation

A

switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites

repressing angry feelings, someone displays exagerated friendliness

42
Q

projection

A

disguising one’s own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
when someone who is cheating on their partner constantly accuses the partner of cheating

43
Q

rationalization

A

offering self-justifying explanations in place of real, more threatening unsconsious reasons for one’s actions
a habitual drinker says she drinks with her friends just to be sociable

44
Q

displacement

A

shifting sexual/aggressive impulses towards a more acceptable/less threatening object or person
girl who is angry at her mom kicks her dog

45
Q

sublimation

A

transferring of sociall unacceptable impulses into socially valued motives
someone with aggressive urges becomes a surgeon

46
Q

denial

A

refusing to belive or even perceive painful realities

someone denies evidence of their partner’s affair

47
Q

self-actualization

A

the process of reaching our potential

48
Q

congruency

A

in carl rogers’ theory, when other’s views of us and our own self-evaluations match

49
Q

incongruency

A

in carl rogers’ theory, when others view us different than we view ourself, there is inconguency, which can lead to depression and anxiety

50
Q

rotter’s expectancy theory

A

we learn what to expect so our behavior is based on those expectations and how much we care about the outcome
- different loci of control

51
Q

observation

A

you see a behavior modeled and copy it

52
Q

self-efficacy

A

how much you believe in your ability to succeed at something

53
Q

reciprocal determinism

A

interaction of mental state, behavior, and environment

54
Q

gordon allport

A

7 main traits
personality is made of cardinal traits (expectionally strong traits that are really the only ones that can be used to describe you), central traits, and secondary traits

55
Q

raymond cattell

A

factor analysis was used to determine 16 personality dimensions/factors

56
Q

hans eysenek

A

2 personality dimensions
emotionality vs stability and introversion vs extraversion
biological causes for certain personality traits

57
Q

costa and mccrae

A

big 5 model

openness, conscientiousness, agreeableness, extraversion, neuroticism

58
Q

how did freud’s treatment of psychological disorders lead to his view of the unconcious mind?

A

in treating patients whose disorders had no clear physical explanation, freud concluded that these problems reflected unacceptable thoughts and feelings, hidden away in the unconscious mind. to explore this hidden part of a patient’s mind, he used free association and dream analysis.

AP Psychology (8 decks)

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