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AP Psychology > unit 8 > Flashcards

unit 8 Flashcards

1
Q

psychotherapy

A

treatment involving psychological techniques
consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

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2
Q

biomedical therapy

A

prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on a person’s physiology

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3
Q

eclectic approach

A

an approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from different types of therapy depending on the person’s problem

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4
Q

insight therapies

A

a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the person’s awareness of underlying motives and defenses.

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5
Q

client centered therapy

A

a humanistic therapy

therapist uses techniques like active listening

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6
Q

regression towards the mean

A

the tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back toward their average

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7
Q

meta-analysis

A

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

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8
Q

evidence based practice

A

clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with the clinician’s expertise, and patients preferences and charachteristics

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9
Q

resilience

A

the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity/trauma

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10
Q

behavior therapy

A

therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

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11
Q

counterconditioning

A

behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors

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12
Q

exposure therapy

A

behavior techniques that treats anxieties by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid
can also be done with virtual reality

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13
Q

systematic desensitization

A

a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relaxed, state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli

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14
Q

aversive conditioning

A

type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (like nausea) with an unwanted behavior (like drinking)

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15
Q

token economy

A

operant conditioning procedure in which people can earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges/treats

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16
Q

cognitive therapies

A

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking
based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reaction

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17
Q

rational-emotive behavior therapy

A

a confrontational cognitive therapy that vigorously challenges people’s illogical, self-defeating attitudes/assumptions
developed by albert ellis

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18
Q

cognitive behavioral therapy

A

integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy with behavioral therapy

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19
Q

anxiety disorders

A

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

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20
Q

generalized anxiety disorder

A

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

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21
Q

panic disorder

A

an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations. often followed by worry over a possible next attack

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22
Q

phobia

A

an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specifc object, activity, or situation

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23
Q

social anxiety disorder

A

intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such

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24
Q

agoraphobia

A

fear or avoidance of situations, such as corwds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic

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25
Q

ocd

A

a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

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26
Q

ptsd

A

a disorder charactereized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

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27
Q

posttraumatic growth

A

positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises

28
Q

mood disorders

A

psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes

29
Q

major depressive disorder

A

a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure
the other symptoms may include weight/appetite increase or decrease, insomnia/hypersomnia, psychomotor aggitation/retardation, fatigue, feeling worthless/guilty, concentration problems/being indecisive, and/or frequent thoughts of death/suicide

30
Q

mania

A

a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optemistic state

31
Q

bipolar disorder

A

a mood disorder in which a person alternates between the hopeless and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania

32
Q

rumination

A

compulsive fretting

overthinking about our problems and their causes

33
Q

schizophrenia

A

a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, disorganized speech, hallucinations, and/or diminshed or inappropirate emotional expression

34
Q

psychosis

A

a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions

35
Q

delusions

A

false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

36
Q

hallucinations

A

false sensory experiences in the absense of a stimulus

37
Q

dissociative identity disorder

A

2 symptoms
a disruption of identity in which the person experiences at least 2 distinct personality states - this disruption alters mood, behavior, consciousness, memory, cognition, motor function, or perception
gaps in memory of normal events, personal info, or traumatic events

38
Q

dissociative amnesia

A

significant gaps in memory that the person usually isn’t aware of until confronted with it

39
Q

depersonalization disorder

A

the experience of recurrent depersonalization/derealization episodes

40
Q

depersonalization

A

feelings of detachment from own mind/self/body

41
Q

derealization

A

feeling detached from the world around you

42
Q

personality disorders

A

psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

43
Q

antiosocial personality disorder

A

a personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even towards friends and family members.
may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist

44
Q

conversion disorder

A

response similar to nervous system conditions (paralysis, seizures, loss of sensation, etc)

45
Q

illness anxiety disorder

A

excessive concern/worry about getting a serious illness

46
Q

somatic symptom disorder

A

distress about already present symptoms

47
Q

facticious disorder

A

pretending to have symptoms for no obvious personal gain

48
Q

personality disorder

A

an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deivates markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culutre, is pervasive an inflexible, has an onset in adolescence or early adulthood, is stable overtime, and leads to distress/emotional impairment

49
Q

cluster a

A

schizotypal, paranoid, schizoid

disprutions in relationships due to peculiar, detached, or suspicious behaviors

50
Q

paranoid

A

patterns of distrust and suspiciousness that other’s motives are interpretated as malevolent

51
Q

schizoid

A

pattern of detachment from social relationships and restricted range of emotional expression

52
Q

schizotypal

A

pattern of acute discomfort in close relationships, cognitive or perceptual distortions, and eccentricities of behavior

53
Q

cluster b

A

antisocial, histrionic, narcissistic, borderline

dramatic/erratic behaviors, extreme impuslivity, theatrics, promiscuousness, or law breaking

54
Q

antisocial

A

pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, lack of remorse

55
Q

histrionic

A

pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking through socially inappropriate behaviors

56
Q

narcissistic

A

grandiose thinking about oneself, high need for admiration, lack of empathy for anyone who doesn’t provide that admiration, extreme envy, belittling/bullying

57
Q

borderline

A

distored self-image, mood swings, unstable relationships, fear of abandonment, impulsive, self-injury, threats of suicide, risky behavior, feeling of emptiness, suspiciousness, inappropriate anger

58
Q

cluster c

A

dependent, avoidant, obsessive-compulsive

pervasive anxiety as a personality trait

59
Q

dependent

A

pattern of submissive and clinging behavior related to excessive need to be taken care of and fear of being abandoned

60
Q

avoidant

A

pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, hypersensitivity to criticism from others

61
Q

ocpd

A

pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control

62
Q

what three elements do all forms of psychotherapy share?

A

all psychotherapies offer new hope for demoralized people, a fresh perspective, and (if the therapist is effective) an empathetic, trusting, and caring relationship. the emotional bond of trust and understanding between therapist and client, the theraputic alliance, is an important element in effective therapy.

63
Q

how do the learning and biological perspectives explain anxiety disorders, ocd, and ptsd?

A

the learning perspective view anxiety disorders, ocd, and ptsd as products of fear conditioning, stimulus generalization, fearful-behavior reinforcement, and observational learning of others’ fears and cognittions (interpretations, irrational beliefs, and hypervigilence). the biological perspective considers the role that fears of life-threatening animals, objects, or situations played in natual selection and evolution; genetic predispositions for high levels of emotional reactivity and neurotransmitter production; and abnormal responses in the brain’s fear circuits.

64
Q

how do the biological and social-cognitive perspectives explain mood disorders?

A

the biological persepctive on depression focuses on genetic predispositions and on abnormalities in brain structures and function. the social-cognitive perspective views depression as an ongoing cycle of stressful experiences (interpreted through negative beliefs, attributions, and memories) leading to negative moods and actions and fueling new stressful experiences.

65
Q

how do brain abornormalities and viral infections help explain schizophrenia?

A

people with schizophrenia have icnrease dopamine receptors, which may intensify brain signals, creating positive symptoms such as paranoia and hallucinations. brain abnormalities associaed with schizophrenia include enlarged, fluid filled cerebral cavities and coresponding decreases in the cortex. brain scans reveal abnormal activity in the frontal lobes, thalamus, and amygdala. interacting malfunctions in multiple brain regions and their connections may produce schizophrenia’s symptoms. possible contributing factors include viral infections or famine conditions during the mother’s pregnancy and low wieght or oxygen deprivation at birth.

66
Q

how do anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder demonstrate the influence of genetic and psychological forces?

A

in these eating disorders, psychological factors may overwhelm the homeostatic drive to maintain a balanced internal state. despite being significatly underweight, people with anorexia nervosa (usually adolescent females), continue to diet because they view themselves as fat. those with bulimia nervosa secretly binge and then compensate by purging, fasting, or excessively exercising. those with binge-eating disorder binge but do not follow bingeing with purging, fasting, or exercise. cultural pressures, low self-esteem, and negative emotions interact with stressful life experiences and genetics to produce eating disorders.

AP Psychology (8 decks)

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