unit 8

Question 1

psychotherapy

Answer 1

treatment involving psychological techniques
consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth

Question 2

biomedical therapy

Answer 2

prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on a person’s physiology

Question 3

eclectic approach

Answer 3

an approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from different types of therapy depending on the person’s problem

Question 4

insight therapies

Answer 4

a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the person’s awareness of underlying motives and defenses.

Question 5

client centered therapy

Answer 5

a humanistic therapy

therapist uses techniques like active listening

Question 6

regression towards the mean

Answer 6

the tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back toward their average

Question 7

meta-analysis

Answer 7

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

Question 8

evidence based practice

Answer 8

clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with the clinician’s expertise, and patients preferences and charachteristics

Question 9

resilience

Answer 9

the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity/trauma

Question 10

behavior therapy

Answer 10

therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

Question 11

counterconditioning

Answer 11

behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors

Question 12

exposure therapy

Answer 12

behavior techniques that treats anxieties by exposing people to the things they fear and avoid
can also be done with virtual reality

Question 13

systematic desensitization

Answer 13

a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relaxed, state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli

Question 14

aversive conditioning

Answer 14

type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (like nausea) with an unwanted behavior (like drinking)

Question 15

token economy

Answer 15

operant conditioning procedure in which people can earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges/treats

Question 16

cognitive therapies

Answer 16

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking
based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reaction

Question 17

rational-emotive behavior therapy

Answer 17

a confrontational cognitive therapy that vigorously challenges people’s illogical, self-defeating attitudes/assumptions
developed by albert ellis

Question 18

cognitive behavioral therapy

Answer 18

integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy with behavioral therapy

Question 19

anxiety disorders

Answer 19

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

Question 20

generalized anxiety disorder

Answer 20

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

Question 21

panic disorder

Answer 21

an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations. often followed by worry over a possible next attack

Question 22

phobia

Answer 22

an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specifc object, activity, or situation

Question 23

social anxiety disorder

Answer 23

intense fear of social situations, leading to avoidance of such

Question 24

agoraphobia

Answer 24

fear or avoidance of situations, such as corwds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic

Question 25

ocd

Answer 25

a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions)

Question 26

ptsd

Answer 26

a disorder charactereized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

Question 27

posttraumatic growth

Answer 27

positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises

Question 28

mood disorders

Answer 28

psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes

Question 29

major depressive disorder

Answer 29

a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure the other symptoms may include weight/appetite increase or decrease, insomnia/hypersomnia, psychomotor aggitation/retardation, fatigue, feeling worthless/guilty, concentration problems/being indecisive, and/or frequent thoughts of death/suicide

Question 30

mania

Answer 30

a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optemistic state

Question 31

bipolar disorder

Answer 31

a mood disorder in which a person alternates between the hopeless and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania

Question 32

rumination

Answer 32

compulsive fretting | overthinking about our problems and their causes

Question 33

schizophrenia

Answer 33

a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, disorganized speech, hallucinations, and/or diminshed or inappropirate emotional expression

Question 34

psychosis

Answer 34

a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions

Question 35

delusions

Answer 35

false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

Question 36

hallucinations

Answer 36

false sensory experiences in the absense of a stimulus

Question 37

dissociative identity disorder

Answer 37

2 symptoms a disruption of identity in which the person experiences at least 2 distinct personality states - this disruption alters mood, behavior, consciousness, memory, cognition, motor function, or perception gaps in memory of normal events, personal info, or traumatic events

Question 38

dissociative amnesia

Answer 38

significant gaps in memory that the person usually isn't aware of until confronted with it

Question 39

depersonalization disorder

Answer 39

the experience of recurrent depersonalization/derealization episodes

Question 40

depersonalization

Answer 40

feelings of detachment from own mind/self/body

Question 41

derealization

Answer 41

feeling detached from the world around you

Question 42

personality disorders

Answer 42

psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

Question 43

antiosocial personality disorder

Answer 43

a personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even towards friends and family members. may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist

Question 44

conversion disorder

Answer 44

response similar to nervous system conditions (paralysis, seizures, loss of sensation, etc)

Question 45

illness anxiety disorder

Answer 45

excessive concern/worry about getting a serious illness

Question 46

somatic symptom disorder

Answer 46

distress about already present symptoms

Question 47

facticious disorder

Answer 47

pretending to have symptoms for no obvious personal gain

Question 48

personality disorder

Answer 48

an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deivates markedly from the expectations of the individual's culutre, is pervasive an inflexible, has an onset in adolescence or early adulthood, is stable overtime, and leads to distress/emotional impairment

Question 49

cluster a

Answer 49

schizotypal, paranoid, schizoid | disprutions in relationships due to peculiar, detached, or suspicious behaviors

Question 50

paranoid

Answer 50

patterns of distrust and suspiciousness that other's motives are interpretated as malevolent

Question 51

schizoid

Answer 51

pattern of detachment from social relationships and restricted range of emotional expression

Question 52

schizotypal

Answer 52

pattern of acute discomfort in close relationships, cognitive or perceptual distortions, and eccentricities of behavior

Question 53

cluster b

Answer 53

antisocial, histrionic, narcissistic, borderline | dramatic/erratic behaviors, extreme impuslivity, theatrics, promiscuousness, or law breaking

Question 54

antisocial

Answer 54

pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, lack of remorse

Question 55

histrionic

Answer 55

pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking through socially inappropriate behaviors

Question 56

narcissistic

Answer 56

grandiose thinking about oneself, high need for admiration, lack of empathy for anyone who doesn't provide that admiration, extreme envy, belittling/bullying

Question 57

borderline

Answer 57

distored self-image, mood swings, unstable relationships, fear of abandonment, impulsive, self-injury, threats of suicide, risky behavior, feeling of emptiness, suspiciousness, inappropriate anger

Question 58

cluster c

Answer 58

dependent, avoidant, obsessive-compulsive | pervasive anxiety as a personality trait

Question 59

dependent

Answer 59

pattern of submissive and clinging behavior related to excessive need to be taken care of and fear of being abandoned

Question 60

avoidant

Answer 60

pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, hypersensitivity to criticism from others

Question 61

ocpd

Answer 61

pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control

Question 62

what three elements do all forms of psychotherapy share?

Answer 62

all psychotherapies offer new hope for demoralized people, a fresh perspective, and (if the therapist is effective) an empathetic, trusting, and caring relationship. the emotional bond of trust and understanding between therapist and client, the theraputic alliance, is an important element in effective therapy.

Question 63

how do the learning and biological perspectives explain anxiety disorders, ocd, and ptsd?

Answer 63

the learning perspective view anxiety disorders, ocd, and ptsd as products of fear conditioning, stimulus generalization, fearful-behavior reinforcement, and observational learning of others' fears and cognittions (interpretations, irrational beliefs, and hypervigilence). the biological perspective considers the role that fears of life-threatening animals, objects, or situations played in natual selection and evolution; genetic predispositions for high levels of emotional reactivity and neurotransmitter production; and abnormal responses in the brain's fear circuits.

Question 64

how do the biological and social-cognitive perspectives explain mood disorders?

Answer 64

the biological persepctive on depression focuses on genetic predispositions and on abnormalities in brain structures and function. the social-cognitive perspective views depression as an ongoing cycle of stressful experiences (interpreted through negative beliefs, attributions, and memories) leading to negative moods and actions and fueling new stressful experiences.

Question 65

how do brain abornormalities and viral infections help explain schizophrenia?

Answer 65

people with schizophrenia have icnrease dopamine receptors, which may intensify brain signals, creating positive symptoms such as paranoia and hallucinations. brain abnormalities associaed with schizophrenia include enlarged, fluid filled cerebral cavities and coresponding decreases in the cortex. brain scans reveal abnormal activity in the frontal lobes, thalamus, and amygdala. interacting malfunctions in multiple brain regions and their connections may produce schizophrenia's symptoms. possible contributing factors include viral infections or famine conditions during the mother's pregnancy and low wieght or oxygen deprivation at birth.

Question 66

how do anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder demonstrate the influence of genetic and psychological forces?

Answer 66

in these eating disorders, psychological factors may overwhelm the homeostatic drive to maintain a balanced internal state. despite being significatly underweight, people with anorexia nervosa (usually adolescent females), continue to diet because they view themselves as fat. those with bulimia nervosa secretly binge and then compensate by purging, fasting, or excessively exercising. those with binge-eating disorder binge but do not follow bingeing with purging, fasting, or exercise. cultural pressures, low self-esteem, and negative emotions interact with stressful life experiences and genetics to produce eating disorders.