Exam revision unit 1

Question 1

Hereditary factors

Answer 1

Factors that influence development genetically passed down from biological parents

Question 2

Environmental factors

Answer 2

Factors that influence development from an individual’s physical or social surroundings

Question 3

Enriched environment

Answer 3

A person’s basic needs are met

Question 4

Deprived environment

Answer 4

A person’s basic needs aren’t met

Question 5

Biological

Answer 5

Relates to the body and it’s systems

Question 6

Psychological

Answer 6

Relates to cognitive and emotional functioning

Question 7

Social

Answer 7

Relates to an individual’s interaction with the external environment

Question 8

Attachment

Answer 8

The bond between an infant and their mother or primary caregiver

Question 9

A British psychiatrist who began researching attachment in the 1940s

Answer 9

John Bowlby

Question 10

Bowlby’s four phases of attachment

Answer 10

Pre-attachment, preliminary attachment, clear-cut attachment, goal-directed partnership

Question 11

Canadian scientist who researched infant attachment in an experimental setting

Answer 11

Mary Ainsworth

Question 12

Insecure avoidant attachment (type A)

Answer 12

Unbothered by their mother’s presence or absence

Question 13

Secure attachment (type B)

Answer 13

Distressed when the mother leaves but happy when she returns

Question 14

Insecure resistant attachment (type C)

Answer 14

Very distressed when the mother leaves the room and not comforted by her return

Question 15

Harlow monkey experiments (1958)

Answer 15

Separated 8 infant monkeys from their mother 6-12 hours after birth. Placed them with surrogate mothers made of wire or cloth. Four of the cloth mothers provided food and four of the wire mothers provided food.

Question 16

Cognitive development

Answer 16

The growth and maturing of our thinking processes

Question 17

A Swiss psychologist who believed that individual’s cognitive development moves through 4 distinct stages in childhood.

Answer 17

Jean Piaget

Question 18

Assimilation

Answer 18

the cognitive process of incorporating new information into an existing schema.

Question 19

Accommodation

Answer 19

the cognitive process of restructuring an existing schema in order to fit new information.

Question 20

Sensorimotor stage

Answer 20

Birth-2 years
Cognitive accomplishments: Object permanence, goal directed behaviour

Question 21

Pre-operational stage

Answer 21

2-7 years
Cognitive accomplishments: Animism, symbolic thinking

Question 22

Concrete operational stage

Answer 22

7-11 years
Cognitive accomplishments:
Reversibility of thought, conservation

Question 23

Formal operational stage

Answer 23

12+ years
Cognitive accomplishments:
Abstract thinking, hypothetico-deductive reasoning

Question 24

How many stages does Erikson’s theory have?

Answer 24

8

Question 25

Stage 1

Answer 25

Birth-18 months, trust vs mistrust

Question 26

Stage 2

Answer 26

18 months-3 years. autonomy vs shame and doubt

Question 27

Stage 3

Answer 27

3-5 years, initiative vs guilt

Question 28

Stage 4

Answer 28

6-12 years, industry vs inferiority

Question 29

Stage 5

Answer 29

Adolescence, identity vs role confusion

Question 30

Stage 6

Answer 30

Young adulthood, intimacy vs isolation

Question 31

Stage 7

Answer 31

Middle adulthood, generativity vs stagnation

Question 32

Stage 8

Answer 32

Late adulthood, integrity vs despair

Question 33

Critical period

Answer 33

Fixed period of time, cannot acquire skill after this time frame.

Question 34

Sensitive period

Answer 34

flexible and broad period of time, skills easier to acquire during this time, but can be learnt after

Question 35

Example of critical period

Answer 35

Learning a first language

Question 36

Example of sensitive period

Answer 36

Learning a second language

Question 37

Scientist that invented phrenology

Answer 37

Franz Joseph Gall

Question 38

Two scientists that studied split brain surgery

Answer 38

Roger Sperry, Michael Gazzaniga

Question 39

Hemisphere that processes language

Answer 39

Left hemipshere

Question 40

Neurogenesis

Answer 40

The production of new neurons

Question 41

Neural migration

Answer 41

The movement of new neurons in to their final place in the nervous system

Question 42

Synaptogenesis

Answer 42

New synapses are formed between neurons

Question 43

Synaptic pruning

Answer 43

The removal of extra, unused or weak synaptic connections

Question 44

6 stages of brain development

Answer 44

Neurogenesis, neural migration, neural maturation, synaptogenesis, synaptic pruning, myelination

Question 45

Sprouting

Answer 45

New connections between neurons

Question 46

Rerouting

Answer 46

An undamaged neuron finding a new connection with another undamaged neuron after losing connection with a damaged neuron

Question 47

Huntingtons disease cause

Answer 47

Single gene defect from mum or dad

Question 48

How many stages of CTE are there

Answer 48

4

Question 49

Extraneous variable

Answer 49

Anything that is not the independent variable that can affect the results

Question 50

Controlled variable

Answer 50

Variable held constant throughout the study

Question 51

Dependent variable

Answer 51

Variable that's measured

Question 52

Independent variable

Answer 52

Standalone, unchanged variable