Exam Two- Semantics (Definitions) Flashcards
Test Format I -- Complete definitions by multiple choice II -- Identify PART OF SPEECH III -- Identify SV, SVO, etc. IV -- Identify Simple Sentence, Compound, Complex, Compound-Complex, and Fragment. Part V – What is it Doing Now? Multiple choice answers to identify exactly what function a specific word is performing in a given sentence context.
Semantics
the study of meaning in words, phrases, sentences, and idioms
Deixis
a word that points to the time, place, or situation
o This, that, these, those
Performative Verb
explicitly conveys the kind of speech act being preformed
o promise, invite, apologize, forbid
Pragmatics
concerned with the use of language in social contexts and the ways in which people produce and comprehend meanings through language
Morphology
the study of a basic form of words and meaningful units in a language
Morpheme
a minimal meaningful unit of language
o it may be a word by itself (-bird, pen, zebra)
o or part of a word (-ly, -ing, -er, -s, -es, post-, non-)
Allomorph
an acceptable variation of a minimal meaningful unit of language
o the one who does (player, actor)
o more than one (catS, dogS, peaches)
Suppletive Morph
a member from one ‘word family” taken into another word family for regular usage
o the “family” of the verb “to go”
o to go, go, goes, went, going, gone
Isolating Language
such as Mandarin, Chinese tend to treat words as monosyllabic forms
Agglutinating Language
allow many morphemes to gather in and around a base aka a long word like in Turkish
Inflecting Language
add parts to base forms to mark plurality of nouns, tense of verbs
o power – powerFUL, powerED, EMpowerED
Free Morpheme
is meaningful by itself
o stands alone within a phrase or sentence
o tree, road, ill, blue
Bound Morpheme
must be attached to another
o treeS, illNESS, blueING, rovER,
Function Morpheme
includes conjunctions and prepositions and suffixes such as –ed. –ing, -ly, which consistently mark specific grammatical info
o conjuction: -and, but, or, although, both, either, or
o preposition: of, by, for, since, after, before, in, on, off
Content Morpheme
the word consists of 2 morphemes
o cougar
o in cougars, the –s would be function morpheme
Inflectional Morpheme
when a morpheme is added to an existing form. If it changes information without changing that form’s word class o singular form of tortoise and add –S to make it plural = a noun o adds the idea of plural, but doesn’t change the grammar category of the word
Derivational Morpheme
changes the meaning and/or word class of the form to which it is added
o the suffix –ize makes verbs out of other word forms
o the adjective REAL plus the –IZE ending, becomes a verb
o the adj. ‘natal’ pertains to birth can be linked with ‘pre’ to form a related adj. ‘prenatal’ meaning ‘before birth’
• word class doesn’t change but the meaning does
Compounding
the process of combining two words (free morphemes) to create a new word
o matchbox, lighthouse, millstone, overalls, hardware, microwave
Reduplication
a word that contains 2 identical or very similar parts. Forming a compound word by repeating all or part of it
o pee-pee, poo-poo, fiddle faddle, Joan -> Jo-Jo
Affixation
the process of forming a new word by the addition of a morpheme to an already existing word
o unfriended, walking, walked, preauthorized, vegetarian
Prefix
attaches to the front of an existing form
o UNkind, DISgusting, IMpossible
•Suffix
attaches to the end of an existing form
o thoughtLESS, thumb-suckING, worm-LIKE, egoTISTICAL, miserLY
Infix
inserted inside an existing form
o “-UM” adds the meaning “becoming” to an idea already expressed in a base term
Circumfix
attaches morphemes to both the front and the back of an existing word
o geliebt = loved, beloved
o finden = to find
