FINAL EXAM #1- COLUMN TWO

Question 1

Paletalization

Answer 1

to pronounce a speech sound with the blade of the tongue touching the palate

Question 2

Affrication

Answer 2

producing a sound by a stop closure followed by a slow release characteristic of a fricative (ex. ch in “chip”)

Question 3

Assibilation

Answer 3

sound change resulting in a sibilant consonant

Question 4

Nasal Assimilation

Answer 4

speech sounds produced through open nasal passage

Question 5

Rhotacism

Answer 5

refers to several phenomena related to the usage of the letter “r”

Question 6

Aphesis

Answer 6

loss in an initial and usually unstressed vowel (ex. cute from acute)

Question 7

Prothesis

Answer 7

an addition of sound or syllable at the beginning of a word, without changing the meaning

Question 8

Epenthesis

Answer 8

addition of one or more sounds to the interior of a word

Question 9

Morphological Change

Answer 9

to change the word’s structures

Question 10

Lexical Change

Answer 10

to replace the term with another one

Question 11

Syntactic Change

Answer 11

to change the word’s functions

Question 12

Semantic Change

Answer 12

to change the use of the word

Question 13

Specification / Narrowing

Answer 13

the meaning of the word changes in time to become less encompassing (a semantic change)
ex. deer meant animal

Question 14

Generalization / Broadening

Answer 14

the meaning of the word changes over time to becoming more encompassing (a semantic change)
ex. dog (singular) -> dog (species)

Question 15

Amelioration*

Answer 15

words become more acceptable with time

Question 16

Pejoration*

Answer 16

generalized word now (ex. “sucks”)

Question 17

Prestige

Answer 17

dialect usually spoken by people in positions of power (correct dialect according to prescriptive grammarians)

Question 18

Taboo

Answer 18

words or activities that are considered inappropriate for polite society (ex. prick, cunt, fuck)

Question 19

Hierarchy of Value

Answer 19

a cultural group’s expectations of right and wrong, proper and improper, formal or casual, public or private, permissible or forbidden. The group’s views of vocabulary are suited/adapted to context

Question 20

Invented Hierarchy of Values

Answer 20

when people use language to reverse the “standard” social expectations of role and style (ex. “good kids” telling dirty jokes)

Question 21

Literacy / Formal Style

Answer 21

language used in formal exchange (ex. graduation or political speeches, sermons, high-level business meetings)

Question 22

Semiformal / Consultative Style

Answer 22

language used in informal exchange (ex. Classrooms, buying and selling, exchange of facts or opinions)

Question 23

Casuel / Informal Style

Answer 23

language used for social interchange with family, friends, and casual contact with strangers

Question 24

Slang / Jargon Style

Answer 24

language used in casual situations or in specialized occupations or interests

Question 25

Intimate / Taboo Style

Answer 25

language used in restricted situations, and relates to topics usually only discussed with close family, or with professionals or care-givers such as doctors and nurses.

Question 26

Obscenity

Answer 26

morally offensive statement or action

Question 27

Scatology / Coprology

Answer 27

interest in obscene matters (particularly in literature)

Question 28

Profanity

Answer 28

subset of a language’s lexicon that is considered offensive

Question 29

Euphemism

Answer 29

a word or expression that replaces another that could be found offensive

Question 30

Dysphemism

Answer 30

an offensive/crude word or expression that replaces another that would be more pleasant (opposite of euphemism)

Question 31

Analogic Change / Internal Borrowing

Answer 31

a language change in which a rule spreads to previously unaffected forms

Question 32

Borrowing / Loan Word

Answer 32

a word borrowed from one language into another

Question 33

Case Ending

Answer 33

suffixes on the noun based on its grammatical function, such as ‘s of the English genitive case indicating possession (ex. Robert’s pig)

Question 34

Declension

Answer 34

list of the inflections or cases of nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and determiners in categories such as grammatical relationship, number, and gender.

Question 35

Conjugation

Answer 35

the modification of a verb from its basic form

Question 36

Ideogram

Answer 36

conveying an idea through a picture

Question 37

Pictogram

Answer 37

a picture of what you are trying to represent

Question 38

Rebus

Answer 38

alphabet and pictures

Question 39

Rebus Principle

Answer 39

the use of a pictogram for its phonetic value in writing (ex. Using a picture of a bee to represent the verb be or the sound [b])

Question 40

Alphabet

Answer 40

a set of symbols that represent sounds

Question 41

Syllabary

Answer 41

different sounds with marks for vowels and other marks for consonants

Question 42

Grapheme

Answer 42

symbols of an alphabetic writing system; the letters of an alphabet

Question 43

Digraph

Answer 43

two letters used to represent a single sound (ex. gh represents [f] in enough)

Question 44

Diacritics

Answer 44

additional markings on written symbols to specify various phonetic proper ties such as length, tone, stress and nasalization

Question 45

Consonantal Writing

Answer 45

“ancient Hebrew” everyone knew what vowels sounded like so no vowels are present.

Question 46

Alphabetic Writing

Answer 46

normal English

Question 47

Phonemic Principle

Answer 47

underlies alphabetic writing systems in which one symbol typically represents one phoneme.

Question 48

Spelling Pronunciation

Answer 48

pronouncing a word as it is spelled

Question 49

Syllabic Writing

Answer 49

accounting for words with patterns

Question 50

Proto-Language

Answer 50

a parent language or common ancestor (ex. Proto-Germanic or Proto-Indo-European)