Exam - Welfare Issues and Solutions 4

Question 1

what is a high motivation in calves

Answer 1

high sucking motivation

Question 2

what increases calve’s sucking motivation

Answer 2

when milk is consumed

Question 3

what can increased sucking motivation result in

Answer 3

cross sucking when calves are kept in group

Question 4

what can increase the time that calves spend ingesting their milk

Answer 4

offering the milk in teat-buckets instead of plain buckets

Question 5

what is an additional benefit of teat buckets

Answer 5

calves perform less cross-sucking after ingesting milk

Question 6

components of disruption of social order

Answer 6

mixing unfamiliar animals
adoption and teat order

Question 7

social environment factors of dairy cows

Answer 7

-disruption of parent-offspring relationship
- disruption of social order
- competition for resources
- overstocking/crowding

Question 8

components of overstocking/crowding in dairy cows

Answer 8

reduces ability to retreat
reduces access to resources

Question 9

what is weaning the process of

Answer 9

mammals transition from bilk based diet to a solid diet

Question 10

why is weaning a source of stress

Answer 10

usually done on farms before natural age of weaning:
- separation from the mother
- change of diet

Question 11

when are dairy calves separated from their mother

Answer 11

at birth - fed milk replacer or whole milk before actual weaning (>50d)

Question 12

reasons for separating diary calves from their mothers so early

Answer 12

• more milk for producer to sell
• closer supervision of colostrum, milk and feed intake
• reduced risk of vertical disease transmission

Question 13

benefits of early dam-calf contact

Answer 13

• possible positive affective experiences associated with maternal behaviour
• positive effect of dam rearing on social behaviour

Question 14

examples of positive effects of dam rearing on social behaviour

Answer 14

higher dominance rank
higher avoidance of aggression when introduced to cow herd as heifer

Question 15

when is weaning in pigs typically done

Answer 15

3-4 weeks of age

Question 16

when is natural weaning in pigs

Answer 16

8-19 weeks

Question 17

what could early weaning result in pigs

Answer 17

belly nosing - link with hunger level and stress

Question 18

what are additional things that weaning in pigs involve

Answer 18

change in environment
mixing with other pigs

Question 19

what could alleviate the stress of weaning in pigs

Answer 19

allowing litters to mix before weaning

Question 20

what can influence social interactions following mixing in dairy calves

Answer 20

familiarity and group size

Question 21

teat order in piglets

Answer 21

first social order - high consistency by 1 week of age

Question 22

what can adoption of piglets disturb

Answer 22

teat order - adopted piglets attempts to suck on original teat

Question 23

what can adoption cause due to disturbed teat order

Answer 23

increased aggression
missed feedings
decreased weight gain

Question 24

what does the process of domestication reduce in animals

Answer 24

fear of humans

Question 25

what do farm animals still show

Answer 25

predator-avoidance reactions to humans

Question 26

what can increase farm animal's fears of humans

Answer 26

routine procedures that can cause pain and distress

Question 27

examples of routine procedures that can cause pain and distress

Answer 27

shearing castration tail docking beak trimming dehorning vaccination

Question 28

what can fear of humans be reduced by

Answer 28

targeted breeding programs environmental enrichment improves management and stockmanship

Question 29

3 components that can be influenced from learning with fear of humans

Answer 29

habituation observational learning/social learning associative learningh

Question 30

habituation

Answer 30

exposure to humans in a neutral context

Question 31

observational learning/social learning

Answer 31

young animals learn to be less fearful of humans when in the presence of tame adult

Question 32

associative learning

Answer 32

positive and negative human behaviours

Question 33

3 ways fear of humans can be measured

Answer 33

- reaction to a stationary human - reaction to a moving or approaching human - reaction to handling

Question 34

what does mutual grooming do

Answer 34

helps maintain social relationships restores harmony after a conflict reduces stress

Question 35

what is one of the most cost effective ways to improve animal welfare

Answer 35

improving the human-animal relationship - strong association between reduced fear/stress and improved animal performance