Midterm - Physical Measures of Welfare

Question 1

physiological outputs/indicators

Answer 1

neuroendocrine
cardiovascular
metabolic
immune
musculo-skeletal responses

Question 2

what prepares the body for immediate physical activity

Answer 2

sympathetic adrenal medullary system (fight or flight)

Question 3

direct measurements of autonomic nervous system

Answer 3

heart rate variability
blood pressure
body temp
respirator rate
catecholamine levels

Question 4

indirect measurement of autonomic nervous system

Answer 4

adrenal habituation
adrenal enzymes

Question 5

invasiveness of physiological stress response measurement

Answer 5

depends on severity of implantation

Question 6

restriction of physiological stress response measurement

Answer 6

restraint required

Question 7

disturbance of physiological stress response measurement

Answer 7

effect of sampling on parameter

Question 8

heart rate variability

Answer 8

vaguely mediated beat to beat change in heart rate

Question 9

what has low HRV been associated with

Answer 9

impaired emotional and behavioural regulation and stress in animals

Question 10

contributing factors for heart rate variability

Answer 10

stress and welfare in different housing conditions
human models for cardiovascular research
pathological conditions, behavioural disorders
training and fitness levels (horses)
understanding temperament and coping strategies

Question 11

pros for the measurement of heart rate variability

Answer 11

non-invasive
minimal disturbance

Question 12

cons for the measurement of heart rate variability

Answer 12

restraint is required

Question 13

what is blood pressure a good measure of

Answer 13

chronic welfare change

Question 14

cons with blood pressure measurement

Answer 14

somewhat invasive
restraint is required
high disturbance
lots of external factors

Question 15

how does stress effect body temp

Answer 15

stress leads to change in blood flow
influx of blood to key organs increasing core body temperature

Question 16

characteristics of thermography (measuring body temp)

Answer 16

can be non-invasive to invasive
restraint required in some cases
no to high disturbance
lots of external factors

Question 17

what is respiratory rate an assessment of

Answer 17

present state
closely correlated with heart rate

Question 18

pros of respiratory rate measurement

Answer 18

non-invasive
no restraint
no disturbance
there are lots of external factors though

Question 19

what does the adrenal medulla release

Answer 19

adrenaline (epinephrine)
noradrenaline (norepinephrine)

Question 20

specificity of adrenaline

Answer 20

psychological stimuli

Question 21

specificity of noradrenaline

Answer 21

physical stimuli

Question 22

pros of measuring catecholamine

Answer 22

no disturbance

Question 23

cons of measuring catecholamine

Answer 23

invasive
restraint required
lots of external factors

Question 24

what can bias the physical measurements

Answer 24

other factors causing changes
individual differences
disturbance due to measurement

Question 25

examples of factors causing changes

Answer 25

activity metabolism timing of sample

Question 26

examples of individual differences

Answer 26

high and low responders dominance status sex

Question 27

examples of disturbances due to measurement

Answer 27

human presence handling restraint sampling method

Question 28

what are the main glucocorticoids involved in

Answer 28

regulation of stress responses, is species dependent

Question 29

what is commonly measured as an indicator for the presence of stressors

Answer 29

glucocorticoids concentration in blood plasma

Question 30

drawbacks of measuring glucocorticoids as an indicator of stressors

Answer 30

secretion of GC occurs in pulsatile fashion wide variation in baseline levels stress from sampling procedure itself can influence results sample volume available - limiting factor

Question 31

what advantage does fecal sampling offer over blood sampling for GC

Answer 31

easily collected minimal disturbance to animal can be collected frequently over long periods of time feedback-free sampling method fecal concentrations of cortisol metabolites more accurately reflect secretory patterns than blood plasma sampling

Question 32

limitations of fecal sampling

Answer 32

route and time course of excretion vary among species metabolites formed and excreted also vary between species

Question 33

pathologies in welfare

Answer 33

adrenal hypertrophy kidney lesions myocardial lesions

Question 34

adrenal hypertrophy

Answer 34

due to prolonged activation of ANS and HPA systems

Question 35

kidney lesions

Answer 35

due to either prolonged high blood pressure or urine retention

Question 36

myocardial lesions

Answer 36

due to prolonged activation of sympathetic nervous system

Question 37

examples of causes of disease

Answer 37

oxygen deficiency physical agents infectious agents

Question 38

what is an important way to adapt to disease

Answer 38

modifying behaviour

Question 39

what do diseased animals often deal with

Answer 39

difficulty coping with their environment lower quality of life

Question 40

what within diseased animals improves welfare

Answer 40

not diagnosis - consequent treatment

Question 41

sickness behaviour

Answer 41

constitutes an adaptive strategy involving energy-saving measures

Question 42

examples of sickness behaviours

Answer 42

decreased locomotion increased slow wave sleep postural changes disinterest in: - pleasurable activities - social interactions - sexual behaviour

Question 43

benefits of sickness behaviour

Answer 43

- precludes the individual from engaging in energetically demanding functions - compensates for high energetic costs of fever by conserving heat and allowing for tissue repair - may also decrease risk of predation

Question 44

functional basis of anorexia

Answer 44

1. induction of the response for the parasites benefit 2. reduced food intake starves parasite 3. reduces energetic efficiency leads to anorexia 4. anorexia enhances effective immune responses 5. anorexia leads to increased diet selectivity during infection

Question 45

low productivity

Answer 45

indicative of inadequate care and stress/illness