Midterm

Question 1

who was pythagoras

Answer 1

greek philosopher and mathematician (c.570-c.495 BC)

Question 2

what did Pythagoras propose

Answer 2

close connections between humans and animals (kinship)

Question 3

what was Pythagoras opposed to

Answer 3

killing and consumption of animals

Question 3

who was Aristotle

Answer 3

greek philosopher and scientist (384-322 BC)
maintained a collection of wild animals

Question 4

what did Aristotle believe about animals and humans

Answer 4

animals and humans share perception and emotion

Question 5

did Pythagoras believe that humans have obligations/duties towards animals

Answer 5

yes, direct

Question 6

what did Aristotle argue about

Answer 6

only humans have the capacity for speech and reason

Question 7

what did Aristotle believe about animals

Answer 7

humans are superior and have absolute authority over animals

Question 8

according to Aristotle, do humans have duties/obligations towards animals

Answer 8

no

Question 9

who were the 2 philosophers from classical antiquity

Answer 9

Pythagoras and Aristotle

Question 10

who was St Thomas Aquinas

Answer 10

Italian philosopher and theologian (1224-1274)

Question 11

what did St Thomas Aquinas do

Answer 11

gave a christian flavour to Aristotle’s writings

Question 12

what did St Thomas Aquinas believe about animals

Answer 12

animals do not have immortal souls
people whom mistreat animals may develop a cruel habit or commit a property wrong against owner

Question 13

according to St Thomas Aquinas, do humans have duties/obligations towards animals

Answer 13

yes, indirect

Question 14

what philosopher was from the middle ages

Answer 14

St Thomas Aquinas

Question 15

who was Rene Descartes

Answer 15

French philosopher, physicist, physiologist, and mathematician (1596-1650)

Question 16

what was Rene Descartes usually blamed for

Answer 16

introducing the concept of animals as automata/machines

Question 17

what did Rene Descartes argue that animals were

Answer 17

that animals were devoid of language and therefore of rationality
were capable of feeling pain fear anger hope or joy
were capable of emotions without having any thoughts

Question 18

according to Rene Descartes do humans have duties/obligations towards animals

Answer 18

no

Question 19

who was the philosopher from the renaissance

Answer 19

rene descartes

Question 20

who was Thomas hobbes

Answer 20

English philosopher (1588-1679)

Question 21

what theory did Thomas Hobbes do

Answer 21

social contract theory (humans act out of self interest)

Question 22

what did Thomas Hobbes argue about animals

Answer 22

since animals have no language they can not enter into social contracts with other beings

Question 23

what did Thomas Hobbes think about animals

Answer 23

that they are not worthy of moral consideration but can matter to other humans

Question 24

according to Thomas Hobbes, do humans have duties/obligations towards animals

Answer 24

yes, indirect

Question 25

who was John Locke

Answer 25

English philosopher and physician (1632-1704)

Question 26

what did John Locke develop

Answer 26

Hobbes' idea of social contract theory: - animals have very simple mental capacities

Question 27

what did John Locke believe about animals

Answer 27

that animals could suffer and that harming them was morally wrong also worried about the effects that animal cruelty has on people

Question 28

according to John Locke, do humans have duties or obligations towards animals

Answer 28

yes, indirect

Question 29

who was Immanuel Kant

Answer 29

German philosopher (1724-1804)

Question 30

what did Immanuel Kant believe

Answer 30

morality is about following absolute rules Humans have a value in their own right

Question 31

what did Immanuel Kant introduce

Answer 31

the principle of categorical imperative

Question 32

what did Immanuel Kant emphasize

Answer 32

the difference between humans and animals - animals may be treated as a means to an end

Question 33

according to Immanuel Kant, do humans have duties/obligations towards animals

Answer 33

yes, indirect

Question 34

who was Jeremy Bentham

Answer 34

english philosopher and social reformer (1748-1832)

Question 35

what did Jeremy Bentham argue

Answer 35

that is was the consequences of actions that mattered good=happiness evil = pain and suffering

Question 36

what did Jeremy Bentham argue about animals

Answer 36

if the blackness of skin does not give humans the right to exploitation, neither does the number of legs etc

Question 37

according to Jeremy Bentham, do humans have duties/obligations towards animals

Answer 37

yes, direct

Question 38

who was John Stuart Mill

Answer 38

English philosopher that developed benthams ideas into the utilitarianism (1806-1873)

Question 39

according to John Stuart Mill, do humans have duties/obligations towards animals

Answer 39

yes, direct

Question 40

who is Peter Singer

Answer 40

australian philosopher, professor of bioethics at Princeton and promotes utilitarian approach yet opposes most animal use (1946)

Question 41

according to Peter Singer, do humans have duties or obligations towards animals

Answer 41

yes, direct

Question 42

who was Tom Regan

Answer 42

american philosopher, emeritus professor at North Carolina state university (1938-2017)

Question 43

what did Tom Regan argue about animals

Answer 43

animals are all subject of a life and therefore have inherent value

Question 44

according to Tom Regan, do humans have duties or obligations towards animals

Answer 44

yes, direct

Question 45

what are 2 types of ethical theories

Answer 45

those based on goodness and badness (results of actions) those based on rightness and wrongness (intrinsic properties of actions)

Question 46

within the utilitarian approach, whose suffering is considered

Answer 46

literally everyone involved i.e patient, the family, friends, medical staff, other patients

Question 47

comparison between utilitarianism and animal rights

Answer 47

utilitarian: - animals are worthy of moral consideration - maximize total happiness animal rights: - animals have inherent value - do not use animals