Midterm

Question 1

what are the 3 elements that welfare debates include

Answer 1

1. science
2. ethics
3. law/codes of practice

Question 2

science in welfare

Answer 2

the effects of humans on the animal from the animal’s perspecitve

Question 3

ethics in welfare

Answer 3

the human actions towards the animal

Question 4

law in welfare

Answer 4

result of science and ethics dictating how humans must treat animals

Question 5

2 broad housing systems for laying hens

Answer 5

cage (conventional or enriched)
non-cage systems (single or multi-tiered)

Question 6

what are furnished/enriched cages

Answer 6

wire enclosure with extra space and elements

Question 7

what is a small group size in furnished/enriched cages

Answer 7

0-12 birds

Question 8

what is a medium group in furnished/enriched cages

Answer 8

15-30 birds

Question 9

what is a large group in furnished/enriched cages

Answer 9

approx 60 birds

Question 10

3 perspectives of animal welfare

Answer 10

physical (basic health and functioning)
mental (affective states)
natural living (naturalness)

Question 11

what does freedom to perform natural behaviour also include

Answer 11

emergency behaviour
damaging behaviour

Question 12

emergency behaviours

Answer 12

flight reactions bring the animal into a state of stress without achieving the goal for which the behaviour had evolved

Question 13

damaging behaviour

Answer 13

such as rank related or illness related aggression

Question 14

physical perspective

Answer 14

ensure good physical health, condition and function of animals

Question 15

mental perspective

Answer 15

minimize unpleasant affective states and allow animals normal pleasures

Question 16

natural perspective

Answer 16

allow animals to develop and live in ways and environments that allow species-specific behaviour and behaviour that they are motivated to perform

Question 17

what are the 5 freedoms

Answer 17

freedom from:
1. hunger and thirst
2. discomfort
3. pain, injury and disease
4. to express normal behaviour
5. fear and distress

Question 18

can the 5 freedoms conflict

Answer 18

yes
i.e freedom from disease and fear from handling during treatment
i.e freedom to express normal behaviour conflicts with distress from normal social interactions

Question 19

provisions of the 5 freedoms

Answer 19

1. good nutrition
2. good environment
3. good health
4. appropriate behaviour
5. positive mental experiences

Question 20

in terms of quality of life what does the welfare continuum acknowledge

Answer 20

animal care should be directed at more than survival
animals can and do have positive experiences
an overall positive experience is possible

Question 21

when does sensory pleasure arise

Answer 21

whenever a stimulus corrects an internal trouble

Question 22

what does sensory pleasure include

Answer 22

experiences such as satiation of hunger, thirst, and the remedying of unpleasant state

Question 23

how are emotions different than moods

Answer 23

emotions have an object

Question 24

relationship between welfare and death

Answer 24

death should be instantaneous

Question 25

is death a welfare concern

Answer 25

subjective: the state of death is not a welfare concern but high rates of death in a group of animals indicates a welfare concern

Question 26

what can high death rates mean

Answer 26

poor management/disease or another factor that leads to many animals being diseased

Question 27

3 aspects of homology

Answer 27

structural developmental behavioural

Question 28

when is extrapolating between species legitimate

Answer 28

evidence of biological homology between organisms it is about variables that can be measured

Question 29

what is anthropomorphism

Answer 29

imposing human attributes on animals (characteristics/feelings)

Question 30

when is anthropomorphism bad

Answer 30

when it does not recognize species differences it is about unmeasurable things like feelings

Question 31

is it every ok in science to rely on anthropomorphism alone

Answer 31

no

Question 32

what is human psychology founded on

Answer 32

folk psychology

Question 33

primary function of common sense psychology

Answer 33

prediction of behaviour

Question 34

what is folk psychology

Answer 34

the expertise humans have when they spend time interacting with another species

Question 35

consciousness

Answer 35

how things feel

Question 36

the 2 ordinary senses of consciousness

Answer 36

1. when a creature is awake 2. basic ability of organisms to perceive and thereby respond to selected features of their environment

Question 37

access consciousness

Answer 37

captures the sense in which mental representations may be poised for use in rational control of action or speech

Question 38

what senses of consciousness cause controversy when applied to animals

Answer 38

self consciousness phenomenal consciousness

Question 39

phenomenal consciousness

Answer 39

qualitative, subjective, experiential or phenomenological aspects of conscious experience - "what it is like" to do or be something

Question 40

sentience

Answer 40

phenomenal consciousness

Question 41

3 psychological domains of sentience

Answer 41

self awareness metacognition theory of mind

Question 42

self awareness in sentience

Answer 42

personal identity simplest form is physical - self recognition

Question 43

metacognition in sentience

Answer 43

ability to reflect on own thoughts and feelings or chance of success

Question 44

subclasses within metacognition

Answer 44

uncertain responses metamemory

Question 45

where was uncertain response first observed

Answer 45

in lab rats in the 1920s

Question 46

uncertain response examples

Answer 46

dolphins: - trained to discriminate sounds - trained to reset the test - ambiguous sounds - test results

Question 47

what is metamemory

Answer 47

knowing what they don't know

Question 48

example of metamemory

Answer 48

rhesus monkeys - presented with image, delay, decisions to take or skip test more successful when choosing to take the test vs made to

Question 49

theory of mind in sentience

Answer 49

perspective taking, modelling of others' mental state - empathy

Question 50

subclasses within theory of mind

Answer 50

taking the physical perspectives of others (gaze following) cognitive perspectives (empathy)

Question 51

other criteria of sentience

Answer 51

complex learning ability social intelligence tool-use measuring feelings - pain

Question 52

cephalopod brain

Answer 52

vertical lobe complex not hemispheric

Question 53

perception based cognition

Answer 53

quantity discrimination (cuttlefish) object permanence (cuttlefish) categorization (octopus)

Question 54

leaning within cephalopod intelligence

Answer 54

associative learning discrimination learning reversal learning spatial learning ability social learning?

Question 55

where are cephalopods recognized as sentient

Answer 55

UK

Question 56

how many tonnes of octopus are harvested annually from the wild

Answer 56

20,000 tonnes (NW Africa)

Question 57

what has happened to the global demand of octopus from 1980 to 2019

Answer 57

demand has doubled

Question 58

what are fish farmed for

Answer 58

food

Question 59

what go towards fish sentience

Answer 59

fish show pavlovian and operant conditioning social learning and cultural traditions self recognition social intelligence building and tool use

Question 60

insects as food

Answer 60

1.2 trillion human, livestock and pet food

Question 61

what species of insects are used as food

Answer 61

bees cricket black soldier flies

Question 62

what do insects do when injured

Answer 62

continue normal behaviour: feeding and sexual behaviour

Question 63

do insects experience pain relief

Answer 63

no

Question 64

how do bees experience judgement bias

Answer 64

being shaken = negative given sugar = positive