EXAM_TWO_BIO1010

Question 1

Somatic Cell Division (3 stages, stages of mitosis, end result)

Answer 1

Interphase, Prophase (chromosomes form), Metaphase (chromosomes line up in the middle, spindle fibers attach), Anaphase (centromeres split, spindle fibers take them to one half of cell, SPLITTING OF CHROMOSOMES), Telophase (neclear membrane forms), Cytokinesis-end with two cells, Diploid, Identical

Question 2

Sexual Cell DIvision (Stages of Meiosis, end result)

Answer 2

MEIOSIS 1: Prophase I (chromosomes form, match up and attach, crossing over occurs), Metaphase I (spindle fibers attach to centromeres), ANaphase I (Seperate as pairs), Spilts into two cells–THEN Meiosis II occurs, which is the same as Mitosis.
END RESULT: 4 Cells, Haploid, Unique

Question 3

Define Crossing Over.

Answer 3

When the chromosomes exchange a piece at the same place.

Question 4

Define Biotechnology:

Answer 4

Manipulation of DNA. It can alter the speicies entirely.

Question 5

The Human Genome Project

Answer 5

3 billion bases in a human genome; want to code an entire human genome

Question 6

Genetic testing

Answer 6

Ability to test if a human carries a specific gene for a prossible genetic disorder

Question 7

Gene Therapy

Answer 7

SOMATIC: Changing genes so it doesn’t affect reproduction & wont’ be passed to offspring. used in humans
GERM-LINE: changing genetic code so it IS passed to offspring-essentially changing the entire line. Illegal in humans

Question 8

Human Enginnering

Answer 8

Eugenics: can improve genetics by controlling who reproduces

Question 9

Gregor Mendel

Answer 9

Worked with garden peas to find out about genetics. He did artificial crosses, and found dominant and recessive alleles controlled what the plant would look like

Question 10

Genotype

Answer 10

Combination of alleles in an individual (RR Rr rr)

Question 11

Phenotype

Answer 11

What you see/ the result of the genotype/outward expression (ex: skin tone, height, etc.)

Question 12

Homozygous

Answer 12

both alleles are the same (RR rr)

Question 13

Heterozygous

Answer 13

alleles are different (Rr)

Question 14

Mendel’s Principle of Segregation

Answer 14

Each individual has two alleles, and only one will be given to offspring (meiosis)

Question 15

Mendel’s Principle of Dominance

Answer 15

Heterozygous–only one is expressed (the dominant alleles–make functioning protein)

Question 16

Mendel’s Principle of Independent Assortment

Answer 16

one gene doesn’t control another gene (ex: flower color has nothing to do with height)

Question 17

epistasis

Answer 17

one gene masks/hides the expression of the second (ex: if C_B_ = black; C_bb = brown; ccB__=albino)

Question 18

POlygenic Inheritance

Answer 18

Many genes (more than 2) interact

Question 19

Pleiotropy

Answer 19

Single gene controls more than one phenotype (ex: red blood cells)

Question 20

Sex determination in humans

Answer 20

X & Y chromosomes XX=female XY=male

Question 21

Sex Linkage

Answer 21

gene carried on an X chromosome (ex: colorblindness)

Question 22

Barr Bodies

Answer 22

Condensed non-functional X chromosome

Question 23

Sex-limited traits

Answer 23

limited to one sex or the other, triggered by hormones

Question 24

Metabolic Disorders

Answer 24

Enzyme is affected, 1300 types of metabolic disorders. (ex: PKU, Tay Sachs)

Question 25

Non-metabolic Disorders

Answer 25

A protien that is not an enzyme is affected (ex: sickle cell anemia, parkinson's disease)

Question 26

GEnetic Implications of COnsanguineous Unions

Answer 26

SExual relations between people too close in relation-first cousins shard 1/8 harmful alleles, bro/sis shard 1/2 of harmful alleles; higher rates for recessive severe disorders to show up in children (NO EFFECT ON MUTATION)

Question 27

Aneuploidy

Answer 27

Two of every chromoome, except one. You either have one too many, or one too few

Question 28

Trisomy

Answer 28

Three copies of a chromosome

Question 29

Monosomy

Answer 29

Only one copy of a chromosome

Question 30

Deletions

Answer 30

One chromosome is lackin genes. Usually occurs during crossing over a a gene is deleted.

Question 30

Nondisjunction

Answer 30

The chromosomes fail to separate when cells divide

Question 31

Duplications

Answer 31

Extra copy of a gene

Question 32

Inversions

Answer 32

Section of chromosome flips and is backwards casing wrong gene order