examples

Question 1

Which lymphocyte population shows marked decline as HIV viral load increases?

Answer 1

CD4 T cells

Question 2

Which of the following chemicals found in plastics has been been linked to obesity?

Answer 2

Bisphenol A

Question 3

everyday routes of exposure to micro/nanoplastics

Answer 3

injestion
contact
inhalation

Question 4

methods to detect micro/nanoplastics

Answer 4

fluorescent micropscopy

raman spectroscopy

fourier transform infrared imaging

Question 5

The Dutch Hunger Winter Provided insight into the effects of what maternal environment on pregnancy and longer-term health outcomes?

Answer 5

undernutrition

Question 6

Maternal air pollution exposures in pregnant are associated with:

Answer 6

Respiratory outcomes for the child

Cardiovascular outcomes for the child

Neurodevelopmental outcomes for the child

Question 7

Maternal residential exposures to black carbon are associated with what levels of black carbon in the placenta?

Answer 7

Higher residential exposures are associated with higher placental levels

Question 8

What proportion of preterm births are attributed globally to maternal air pollution exposure?

Answer 8

40%

Question 9

sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs)?

Answer 9

Carpets and soft furnishings

Household cleaning products

Personal care products

Question 10

mechanisms associated with the link between maternal air pollution exposures in print and diverse child health outcomes

Answer 10

Epigenetic modifications

Oxidative stress

Inflammation

Endocrine dysfunction

Question 11

what is affected by gravity

Answer 11

vision

bone density

muscle mass

blood pressure

Question 12

space radiation causes

Answer 12

epigenetic changes

oxidative stress

dna damage

Question 13

What method of analysis is used to show that Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) has been reactivated by space flight?

Answer 13

Viral DNA load in saliva

Question 14

What affect does microgravity have on the thymus?

Answer 14

Proliferation of immature thymocytes is decreased

Question 15

What affect does microgravity have on cell growing in laboratory conditions?

Answer 15

Cells form 3D multicellular aggregates

Question 16

Which features of climate change directly exacerbate respiratory health?

Answer 16

extreme temps

air pollution

pollen and aeroallergens

Question 17

what are the neg effects of climate change on mental health

Answer 17

heatwaves can cause anxiety and depression

extreme heat can cause aggression

extreme weather event can cause post traumatic stress disorder

Question 18

Excess of what is associated with the respiratory health burden of bushfire?

Answer 18

Air pollution

Question 19

what is linked to increasing adverse effects of heatwaves?

Answer 19

agening population

climate change

urbanisation

Question 20

how did the black death shape human immune responses

Answer 20

strong rapid selection of immune defence genes so alleles and variants associated with protective traits against infectious disease become more common

but, inc autoimmune disease

Question 21

what is leptin resistance

Answer 21

condition where body does not respond well to leptin

leptin is hormone produced by adipose tissue that regulates metabolism and food intake

resistance is associated with obesity, can lead to inflammation and immune dysfunction

Question 22

how has climate change effected bat distribution near wuhan

Answer 22

inc local bat species richness

Question 23

what is sedentism associated with? 3

Answer 23

domestication of livestock

accumulation of human, animal, plant waste

inc population growth

Question 24

benefits of sanitation

Answer 24

removal of human waste

provision of clean water

Question 25

what has contributed to increased life expectancy - 3

Answer 25

agriculture cooking sanitation

Question 26

what is life expectancy - 3

Answer 26

sex geography socioeconomics

Question 27

benefits of cooking food - 2

Answer 27

kills bacteria makes food more digestible

Question 28

where is covid 19 death rate greatest

Answer 28

countries with high ncd burden

Question 29

5 ncd risk factors

Answer 29

alcohol misuse air pollution physical inactivity unhealthy diet tobacco

Question 30

what has happened to life expectancy in the UK over the past 10 - 20 years?

Answer 30

gain in life expectancy has decreased

Question 31

big five ncds

Answer 31

mental health cancer cvd chronic respiratory disease diabetes

Question 32

when describing a treatment for HIV, what does ART stand for?

Answer 32

anti-retroviral therapy

Question 33

effects of T allele for ERAP-2 - 4

Answer 33

inc il10 dec bacteria killed inc pneumonia dec chrons disease

Question 34

which lymphocyte population shows marked decline as HIV viral load increases?

Answer 34

cd4 t cells

Question 35

how much plastic are we estimated to ingest each week

Answer 35

5g

Question 36

what are the first two organs to develop in the fetus

Answer 36

heart placenta

Question 37

nerve cells in which two organs are central to the thermoregulatory response to heat?

Answer 37

skin brain

Question 38

what sweat gland is most important in sweat response to heat

Answer 38

eccrine and apocrine but less so

Question 39

3 reasons for the increased burden of mosquito borne viral diseases with climate change?

Answer 39

warm air incubates virus faster mosquito territory expands heat makes mosquitos hungrier

Question 40

the highest risk of birth defects from Zika infection in pregnant women occurs in which trimester?

Answer 40

first

Question 41

3 causes of algal blooms

Answer 41

excess nutrients climate change environmental conditions

Question 42

sarcopenia is associated with 3

Answer 42

mitochondria dysfunction inc inflammation hormonal changes

Question 43

sarcopenia is associated with a decrease in:

Answer 43

protein synthesis

Question 44

an example of an adipokine/cytokine increased in association with increased fat mass is

Answer 44

il6

Question 45

an example of an adipokine/cytokine decreased in association with increased fat mass is:

Answer 45

adiponectin

Question 46

what is inflammaging

Answer 46

low grade systemic inflammation that increases as we get older is called

Question 47

what happens to thymus as we age

Answer 47

medulla and cortex dec in size

Question 48

what 3 are associated with dec immunity to prev experienced pathogens and antigens

Answer 48

inc cytokine production inc dna damage dec lympocyte proliferation capacity on activation

Question 49

men are more susceptible than women to

Answer 49

cancer of non reproductive organs

Question 50

women are more susceptible than men to

Answer 50

autoimmune disease

Question 51

gender affirming hormone treatment has greater effect on muscle mass of

Answer 51

transgender men - FTM

Question 52

escape of X chromosome inactivation of which toll like receptor (TLR) is associated with elevated IFN-alpha expression in women?

Answer 52

toll like receptor 7 (TLR7)

Question 53

what neurological response to pain is demonstrated by men?

Answer 53

threat control circuits in brain engagement

Question 54

why do more women than men experience allergic contact dermatitis

Answer 54

professions that involved exposure to skin irritants tend to be female dominated

Question 55

chronic non-communicable disease is associated with

Answer 55

failure to repair or resolve inflammation

Question 56

3 reasons introduction of irrigation is linked to emergence of malaria in human populations

Answer 56

standing water is ideal breeding ground for mosquitos domestication of crops and livestock provides ideal conditions for vector borne diseases settled lifestyle = humans gathered together = easier spread

Question 57

cortisol mediates its effects by binding to

Answer 57

glucocorticoid receptor

Question 58

3 types of histone modifications

Answer 58

methylation sumoylation acetylation

Question 59

what is catabolism

Answer 59

breakdown of larger mols into smaller mols

Question 60

3 main nutrient sensing pathways

Answer 60

AMPK2 GCN2 (m)TOR

Question 61

3 features of mitochondria

Answer 61

dysfunctional in multiple diseases energy sources of cell source of ROS

Question 62

3 features of senescent cells

Answer 62

upreg of antiapoptotic pathways effector of tissue dysfunction secretion of inflammatory mediators

Question 63

an imbalance in the microbial communities in or on the body is called

Answer 63

dysbiosis

Question 64

3 effects of tobacco smoking

Answer 64

inc pro inflammatory response inc cell proliferation inc cell invasion and metastasis

Question 65

3 associations of chronic alcohol use

Answer 65

gut barrier disruption oxidative stress inflammation

Question 66

interleukin-6 (IL-6) mediates which beneficial effect of exercise

Answer 66

visceral fat mass loss