mechanisms

Question 1

in one phrase, how does our modern lifestyle contribute to inc NCD risk

Answer 1

they induce inflammation and altered immune function

Question 2

how does the intestinal barrier contribute to tissue repair/damage - 3

Answer 2

chemical barrier - antimicrobial secretions

physical barrier - mucus layers and epithelial cells with tight junctions

immunological barrier - immune cells, antibodies (IgA) and cytokines

Question 3

impact of high fat/ high sugar diet on barrier function

Answer 3

damage intestinal barrier causing leaky gut, disrupts tight junctions in epithelial cells

thus, driving inflammatory mechanisms

Question 4

strangers release

Answer 4

PAMPs - from pathogens, initiate sig cascades and chronification of inflammatory response

Question 5

dangers release

Answer 5

DAMPS , initiate sig cascades and chronification of inflammatory response

Question 6

features of inflammation

Answer 6

swelling, redness, pain, respiratory tract issues, heat

Question 7

how is inflammation resolved

Answer 7

resolution - macrophages esp

unless chronification of inflammation occurs

Question 8

what can cause chronic inflammation

Answer 8

autoimmunity

genetics

ongoing barrier disruption e.g. eczema

Question 9

skin barrier dysfunction is known as

Answer 9

eczema

Question 10

drivers of eczema - 6

Answer 10

pollutants

changes in microflora

scratching

allergens

stress

genetic polymorphisms causing L skin barrier

Question 11

what is filaggrin deficiency

Answer 11

correlates with eczema risk, genetic polymorphism

Question 12

role of filaggrin

Answer 12

skin barrier formation and hydration

Question 13

low filaggrin expression results in inc -7

Answer 13

staphylococcal infection

viral replication

risk of asthma

severity of eczema

dry skin and protease activity

early onset and persistent eczema

risk of food allergy and allergic sensitisation

Question 14

what is eosiophilic esophagitis

Answer 14

GI disease, infiltration of eosinophils

Question 15

eosiophilic esophagitis medication

Answer 15

proton pump inhibitors

Question 16

proton pump inhibitors in pts with lower filaggrin expression

Answer 16

didnt respond well

Question 17

what type of stuff causes acute inflammation

Answer 17

infection, wound, trauma, allergen, burn, pollutants, frostbite, chemicals

Question 18

what type of stuff causes chronic inflammation

Answer 18

type 2 diabetes, pregnancy, respiratory disease, obesity, cancer, cardiovascular disease rheumatoid arthritis, neurological disease

Question 19

what do epigenetic modifications do

Answer 19

alter DNA accessibility and chromatin structure to regulate patterns of gene expression - heritable, not due to change in DNA sequence

exogenous factors can influence this

long term modifications usually dna methylation and short term modifications usually histone modifications

Question 20

what is chromatin

Answer 20

complex of chromosomal DNA associated with proteins in nucleus

Question 21

chromatin and histone modifications

Answer 21

histones can be post translationally modified to restructure chromatin

via phosphorylation, sumoylation, ubiquitination, methylation, acetylation (best studied and promotes transcription)

Question 22

malaria prevention - 3

Answer 22

vector control, preventative chemotherapy, vaccine

Question 23

what occurs when mosquitos interact with malaria, and when carrying malaria interact with humans

Answer 23

parasite sucked by malaria

parasite developed in GI of mosquito

sporosites migrate to salivary glands

stings person

releases sporosites into blood, rbc, repeats

Question 24

when did the relevant new world mosquito appear

Answer 24

anophelin mosquito - 95 million years ago

Question 25

when did plasmodium falciparum malaria begin to infect humans

Answer 25

8000 - 3000 BC

Question 26

whats making malaria more likely

Answer 26

inc global warming

Question 27

sickle cell anemia, genetics, and malaria

Answer 27

areas of malaria overlap with areas of sickle cell anemia geographically if homozygous to specific allele, u develop sickle cell anemia if heterozygous, u are resistant to malaria

Question 28

what is the mutation for sickle cell anemia

Answer 28

GAG to GTG thus GLU to VAL

Question 29

what occurs to sickle cell blood cell when infected with malaria/ plasmodium parasite

Answer 29

changes partial pressure of oxygen in cell thus dec parasite growth and maturation inc uptake my macrophages dec adherence to endothelium

Question 30

why homo sickle cell bad

Answer 30

all rbcs change partial pressure n cause blockage n die

Question 33

what occurs in DNA methylation

Answer 33

methyl group covalently attached to cytosine residue in CpG dinucleotide sequences - ensures repression of transciption by blocking DNA recognition for transcription binding. other factors might preferentially bind

Question 34

natural cortisol cycle

Answer 34

highest when waking up, fluctuate throughout day tissues more sensitive to cortisol as cortisol declines effected by chronic stress - lots of tissues sensitive to glucocorticoids. fluctuation in cortisol no longer fluctuating or adaptive