space and other extreme environments Flashcards
literally wtf does any of this mean (30 cards)
what are the 5 main features of space and extreme environments that impact our biology
isolation
distance
space radiation
gravity
hostile/ closed environment
why is space radiation relevant to our biology
we have increased exposure to radiation e.g. from the sun, as we are not protected by the earth
effects of space radiation - 5
dna damage, mutation
inc ROS
epigenetic changes
cancer, NCDs
inc inflammation
effects of isolation and confinement - 3
behavioural impacts, inc cortisol
leukocyte phenotype and function changes
sleep disorders, fatigue
effects of hostile/ closed environments - 4
inc cortisol
inc fatigue
dec antiviral immune response thus latent viral reactivation
dec circadian rhythm
effects of distance from earth - 2
requires autonomous medical care
communication delays
gravity effect on muscle volume
pre and post flight, decline in muscle volume after returning to earth but recovers quickly
cardiovascular effect on fluid volume - dec gravity vs no gravity
dec gravity = inc venous return by 25% leading to central blood volume expansion and inc renal excretion of water and salt
no gravity = fluid and sodium retained esp sodium storage in extravascular space without fluid retention
sodium retaining endocrine systems e.g. renin-aldosterone and catecholamines are more active in microgravity than on earth - lead to modified behaviours
(thus, space suits pressure maintain these systems)
inc endocrine disorders
microgravity impact on human biology
muscle atrophy
reduced bone density
altered immune function
endocrine disorders
effects of simulated micogravity providing new insights into biology and disease
mechanotransduction effects of microgravity
human body and isolation in space - 4
quality sleep dec
maintaining circadian rythym dec
sleep noise
fatigue
what is HERA
human exploration research analog
way of researching human isolation
what is NEK
nazemnyy eksperimental’nyy kompleks
way of researching human isolation
hypodynamia meaning
little/reduced activity
simulated effects of a long mission - 3
chronic stress from long term isolation and confinement
elevated cortisol
leukocyte phenotype and function changes
what can ISS -space station mfs- replicate well - 7
radiation
microgravity
artifical environment
stress
altered nutrition
hypodynamia
isolation
what do isolation replication facilities - terrestrial spacecrafts - successfully replicate - 5
isolation
artificial environment
psychological stress
altered nutrition
hypodynamia
what do isolation replication facilities - antarctic station / concordia - successfully replicate - 7
hypoxia
low temp
isolation
artificial environment
psychological stress
altered nutrition
hypodynamia
what is EBV
Epstein Barr Virus
what is CMV
Cytomegalovirus
what is VZV
Varicella Zoster Virus
latent virus reactivation in space
EBV reappears in saliva in winter isolation in antarctica
stress inc latent virus activation
long covid and EBV reactivation
also occurs at high altitude
immune dysregulation and space flight
adaptive immunity dysregulated
innate heightened - inflammation
altered interaction between innate and adaptive immunity
occurs in low earth orbit missions, not sure about moon, mars, etc
not sure which crew members will experience dysregulation or extent
what is nasa twins study
one twin 1 year mission on ISS, other ground control
spaceflight caused dec body mass, telomere elongation, genome instability, carotid artery distension, inc intima-media thickness, altered ocular structure, transcription and metabolic changes, dna methylation changes in immune and oxidative stress pathways, GI microbiota changes, cog decline postflight
other mf normal
countermeasure of circadian rhythm alteration, sleep deprivation, anxiety
melatonin, psych training, drugs to mitigate fatigue
