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Biology > Excretion > Flashcards

Excretion Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Keeping the conditions in the internal environment of the body relatively constant.

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2
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

Maintenance of water and salt contents of the internal environment.

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3
Q

What is internal environment?

A

The inside of the body

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4
Q

What is tissue fluid?

A

Watery solution of salt, glucose and other solutes

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5
Q

How is the tissue fluid formed?

A

It is formed by the leakage from blood capillaries

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6
Q

Why is homeostasis important?

A

It is important because cells with only function properly if they are bathed in a tissue fluid which provide them with their optimum conditions.

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7
Q

Why is removing excretory products important?

A

Because they are toxic to cells.

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8
Q

What are some examples of nitrogenous waste?

A

Urea and ammonia

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9
Q

Select substances that can be stored.
(Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins)

A

Carbohydrates, Fats

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10
Q

How much urine does an adult human produce?

A

1.5 dm^3

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11
Q

What does volume of urine produce in a day depend on?

A

It depends on amount of water drunk and volume loses in other form such as sweat.

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12
Q

What happened to protein as they cannot be stored?

A

They are converted into carbohydrate and main nitrogen containing waste product urea by the liver.

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13
Q

Is urea metabolic waste?

A

Yes

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14
Q

Why does urea passes into the blood?

A

They passed into the blood to be filtered out by the kidneys during the formation of urea.

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15
Q

Why faeces are not the metabolic waste?

A

Because they contain a few products of metabolisms, and only the remains of undigested food along with bacteria and dead cell

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16
Q

Does kidney carry out both homeostatic and excretion?

A

Yes

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17
Q

Oxygenated blood enter kidney through —–.

A

Renal artery

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18
Q

The blood entering the kidney is high pressure.

A

True

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19
Q

Deoxygenated blood leaves the kidneys through —–.

A

renal vein

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20
Q

Urine leaves the kidneys through —–.

A

ureters

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21
Q

What does the wall of urethra contain?

A

Sphincter muscles

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22
Q

Where does urine store?

A

Bladder

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23
Q

What does sphincter muscle have?

A

The upper sphincter muscle is involuntary so, it can’t be controlled.
The lower sphincter muscle is voluntary so, it can be controlled.

24
Q

What does cortex contain?

A

Cortex contain many blood vessels branches from the renal artery and nephrons.

25
Q

Which carry the urine from kidneys to the bladder?

A

The pelvis is connected with the ureter, carrying the urine to the bladder.

26
Q

Where in the nephron is blood filtered?

A

Blood filtered and enter the capsule passing cells of capillary wall, basement membrane and cells of Bowman’s capsule.

27
Q

What separated the blood in the glomerulus and bowman’s capsule?

A

Capillary walls and wall of capsule where there is basement membrane which is fine molecular filter between them.

28
Q

What is glomerular filtrate?

A

The fluid that entered the capsule space is called glomerular filtrate.

29
Q

What is ultrafiltration?

A

The process where the filter separate different sized molecules under pressure is called ultrafiltration.

30
Q

How much glomerular filtrate does kidney produce per minute and per day and how much is secreted from body every day?

A

Kidney produces 0.125 dm^3 of glomerular filtrate and 180 dm^3 per day but only 1.5 dm^3 of urine is secreted from body per day.

31
Q

What are the names of blood in and blood out of the glomerulus?

A

Blood in - Afferent
Blood out - Efferent

32
Q

What substances are filter and not filtered during ultrafiltration or urine?

A

Substances that are filtered - glucose, urea, water and ions

Substances that are unfiltered - Protein, blood cells

33
Q

What happened to flow rate, glucose, protein, urea and Na+ at blood plasma, glomerular filtrate, end of first coiled tube and collecting duct?

A

In the blood plasma

protein - contain
glucose - contain
urea - contain
Na+ - contain

In the glomerular filtrate

flow rate - 100%
protein - not contain
glucose - contain
urea - contain
Na + - contain

In the first coiled tube

flow rate - 20%
protein - not contain
glucose - not contain
urea - contain x 3
Na+ - contain

In the collecting duct

flow rate - 1%
Protein - not contain
glucose - not contain
urea - contain x 60
Na+ - contain x 2

34
Q

Why the urea become more as it pass rest of the nephron?

A

As more water reabsorbed as it passes through the nephron, the urine become more concentrated with urea.

35
Q

What is selective reabsorption?

A

Selective reabsorption is the process of reabsorbing different amounts of various substances.

36
Q

What is the function of loop of Henlé?

A

It concentrates the fluid in the tubule by reabsorbing more water into the blood.

37
Q

Which kind of loop of Henlé do desert animals, animals which have easy access to water and humans contain?

A

Desert animals have long loops of Henlé, animals which have easy access to water has short loops of Henlé and humans contain mixture of long and short loops.

38
Q

What can long loop of Henlé make?

A

Long loop of Henlé can make more concentrated urine, conserving water in the bodies.

39
Q

When you drink a lot of water, how will it affect urine content?

A
  • Blood concentration decreased
  • Which is detected by the hypothalamus
  • Stimulate the pituitary produce less ADH
  • Less ADH causes collecting duct to become less permeable to water
  • Less water is reabsorbed
  • More urine is excreted (urine concentration decrease)
40
Q

In a hot summer day, you have sweat a lot, how will it affect urine?

A
  • The blood concentration increase
  • Which is detected by hypothalamus
  • Stimulate pituitary produce more ADH
  • More ADH result collecting duct to become more permeable to water
  • More water is reabsorbed
  • Less urine is excreted (Urine concentration increase)
41
Q

Difference between cold blood and warm blood?

A

Cold blood animals body temperature changed depending on the environment unlike the warm blood animals which have constant pressure have ability to travel anywhere.

42
Q

What is other names of warm and cold blooded animals?

A

Homeothermic - warm blooded (endotherms)
Poikilothermic - cold blooded

43
Q

What do both warm and cold blood animals do to adapt the environment?

A

Depending on the environment, their behavior change.

44
Q

What is the main difference between cold and warm blooded animals?

A

warm blood animals can keep their body temperature using physiological change.

45
Q

What monitor the change in body temperature in mammals?

A

Thermoregulatory center in the hypothalamus

46
Q

What are the functions of human skin?

A
  • Forming tough outer layer which resist mechanical damage
  • Forming impermeable membrane preventing water loss
  • Acting as sensor for touch and temperature change
  • Controlling the heat loss through body surface
  • Acting as barrier for pathogen to enter
47
Q

What is epidermis consist of?

A

Epidermis consist of dead cells which stops water loss and protect body against invasion of microorganism.

48
Q

What does hypodermis contain?

A

Hypodermis contain fat tissues which insulate the body against heat loss and store of energy.

49
Q

What does dermis layer contain?

A

Dermis layer contain many sensory receptors, sweat glands, small blood vessels and hair follicles.

50
Q

What does sweat glands do in hot condition?

A

In hot conditions

  • More sweat is produced
  • Sweat only have cooling effects it evaporates using heat energy from body.
51
Q

What does hair erecter muscle do in cold condition?

A

In cold conditions

  • Hair erecter muscles contract
  • Causing hairs to pulled upright
  • Trapping a layer of air (poor conductor of heat) next to the skin
  • Less heat is lost

But in warm conditions there will be thinner layers of trapped air meaning more heat will be lost.

52
Q

What happens to blood vessels at hot and cold conditions?

A

In hot condition vasodilation occurs

  • arterioles leading to capillary loop dilate
  • increasing the blood flow to the skin’s surface
  • As more blood flow through these loops, more heat is radiated
  • Cooling the body down

In cold conditions vasoconstrictions occurs

  • arterioles leading to capillaries loops constrict
  • decreasing the blood flow to the skin’s surface
  • As less blood flow through these loops, less heat is radiated
  • Reducing heat loss through surface of the body
53
Q

What does hormone adrenaline stimulate in cold condition?

A

They stimulate the increase in metabolism, generating heat.

54
Q

What is shivering?

A

Shivering occurs where the muscles contract and relax rapidly.

55
Q

What are some change in body that take place to keep temperature?

A
  • Sweating
  • vasodilation
  • vasoconstriction,
  • hair erections
  • shivering
  • changes in metabolisms and some behavioral change
    keep the body temperature.
56
Q

Can amino acids be stored?

A

No

57
Q

Which break down the amino acids?

A

Liver

Biology (14 decks)

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