Life process and variety of living organism Flashcards
(186 cards)
1
Q
What is MRSGREN?
A
Characteristics that can be found in living organisms.
movement
respiration
sensitivity
growth
reproduction
excretion
nutrition
2
Q
What is respiration? give the formula.
A
chemical reaction that occurs inside our cell that produce energy
glucose + oxygen —-> carbon dioxide + water + energy
3
Q
How do we get the reactants of respiration?
A
eating - glucose
breathing - oxygen
4
Q
What are chemical reactions inside our cell called?
A
metabolic reactions
5
Q
What is excretion?
A
Removal of metabolic waste products
6
Q
Is defecation excretion?
A
False
7
Q
What are 2 types of products in reactions?
A
desired products and waste products
8
Q
What are the kingdoms?
A
Plants
animals
fungi
Prokaryotes
Protoctists
9
Q
What are 2 types in animal kingdom?
A
Invertebrate and vertebrate
10
Q
What are 3 types of invertebrates?
A
mollus (animals with soft body)
annelids (earth worm like animals)
arthropods (animals with joint legs and exoskeleton)
11
Q
What are 5 types of vertebrates?
A
fish
amphibians
reptiles
mammals
birds
12
Q
Difference between cold blood and warm blood?
A
cold blood animals body temperature change depending on the environment change while warm blood won’t giving them an ability to travel.
13
Q
Human’s temperature?
A
37 degrees centigrade
14
Q
Categorize which is multicellular and unicellular.
(plants)
(animals)
(fungi)
(bacteria)
(Protoctists)
A
plants - multicellular
animals - multicellular
fungi - most multicellular some unicellular
bacteria - unicellular
Protoctists - most unicellular some multicellular
15
Q
Types of fungi?
A
fruiting body (mushrooms(edible) toadstools(poisonous)
non fruiting body (yeast, mould)
16
Q
What are organelles?
A
Structures or organs inside our cell that have their own function within the cell.
17
Q
What is the largest organelle in our cell?
A
Nucleus
18
Q
What does nucleus do?
A
nucleus control the activity of the cell.
19
Q
What does nucleus contain?
A
DNA or chromosomes
20
Q
What is DNA?
A
DNA store genetic information as protein codes
21
Q
What are chromosomes?
A
Folded DNA
22
Q
What is powerhouse in the cell called?
A
Mitochondrion
23
Q
What do ribosomes do?
A
Ribosomes translate the protein code received from nucleus to make protein.
24
Q
Do cells contain plenty of ribosomes?
A
Yes
25
What is mitochondrion function?
It supplies energy for the organelles to work, it carries out some of the respiration reaction inside a cell.
26
How many chromosomes are there in human cells?
46
27
What is cytoplasm?
living material that made up a cell.
28
What is the outermost of animal shell?
cell membrane
29
Difference between animal and plants cell?
plants cells contain cell wall
plants cells contain permanent vacuole
plants cells contain chloroplasts
30
Permeable types?
Freely permeable
Partially permeable
Selectively permeable
31
Cell wall are ---------- permeable.
Freely
32
cell membranes are ------- permeable.
Partially
33
Why plant cells are always in fixed shape?
Because of the cell wall made up of tough material called cellulose
34
Why cell wall is helpful for plants cells?
It acts as support for internal pressure caused by absorption of water inside the cell.
35
Which cells don't contain nucleus?
red blood cell (humans)
xylem vessels (plants)
36
What is gene?
one section of protein code
37
What do enzymes do and why?
Enzymes make the chemical reaction inside our cell to be faster because chemical reaction inside our flow due to our quite low body temperature.
38
What does cell wall of plant make up of?
cellulose
39
Cell that needs a lot of energy contain less mitochondria.
False
40
Which plant cells contain chloroplasts?
Plant cell that carries out photosynthesis.
41
How can we know which part of plant cells have chlorophyll?
Parts which have green color have chlorophyll
42
Similarities between plants and fungi.
fungi also have cell wall and permanent vacuole.
43
Which material does cell wall of fungi composed of?
chitin
44
What are mushrooms and toadstools?
reproductive structure of the organism, fruiting body.
45
Types of nutrition of plants, animals, fungi and bacteria.
plants - autotrophic nutrition
animals - heterotrophic nutrition
fungi, bacteria - saprotrophic nutrition
46
Do animals contain vacuoles?
yes, but they are small and temporary
47
How are glucose stored inside plants and animals?
plants - starch
animals - glycogen
48
Why glucose can't be store?
Because it is soluble and has osmotic effects
49
What does vacuole contain?
Vacuoles contain mixture of dissolved sugars, minerals and ions called cell sap.
50
What does chloroplasts contain?
green pigments called chlorophyll
51
How fungi store food?
As glycogen
52
What do mushrooms have under the soil?
Hyphae
53
The whole network of hyphae is called ......
mycelium
54
Are hyphae divided up into separate cells?
No
55
Hyphae cell has only one nucleus.
False
56
What happened when spore from mucor land on food?
It grows out hypha and the hypha grow and branches again and again until mycelium covers up the surface of the food.
57
How does hyphae absorb food?
It secretes digestive enzymes to break down food into soluble substances which are then absorbed by the mould.
58
How can mould infect another source of food?
By producing more spores.
59
Enzymes that are secreted in saprotrophic nutrition are called ....
Extracellular enzymes
60
What are the types of Protoctists?
protozoa (cells which look like animals)
algae (cell which look like plants)
61
Name 3 Protoctists.
chlorella
amoeba
plasmodium
62
Name of the nutrition type where digestive system take place outside of the organism
saprotrophic nutrition
63
What is pathogen?
Organism or viruses that cause human disease.
64
What does plasmodium responsible of?
malaria
65
Choose the correct one.
all viruses are pathogens
all fungi are pathogens
all bacteria are pathogen
all Protoctists are pathogen
All viruses are pathogens
66
What is the name of the cells which has nucleus and other organelles and cells which don't?
prokaryotes (cells which doesn't have nucleus)
eukaryotes (cells which contain nucleus and other common organelles)
67
size of the animal cell and bacteria cell.
animal - 10 - 50 micrometer
bacteria - 1 - 5 micrometer
68
Which kind of organism are bacteria?
single cell
69
Do bacteria contain nucleus?
no
70
Bacteria shapes.
rods, spheres, spirals
71
What does bacteria cell wall compose of?
peptidoglycan
72
Which layer does bacteria have after cell wall?
slime wall or capsule
73
Can bacteria reproduce?
Yes
74
In order to move freely, their cells have to be able to move.
True
75
Which organelle prevent the cell to move?
Cell wall
76
Can bacteria carry out photosynthesis?
Yes, some bacteria contain chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis.
77
What does bacteria use for movement?
Flagellum
78
The middle of the bacteria cell is made up of ....
cytoplasm
79
What are good bacteria called?
Probiotic
80
Which bacteria used to make yogurt?
lactobacillus bulgaricus
81
What do circular DNA in bacteria called?
plasmids
82
What are plasmids widely used for?
genetic engineering
83
Bacteria doesn't carry out MRSGREN.
False
84
Can bacteria respond to range of stimuli?
Yes
85
Name 2 decomposers.
Fungi and bacteria
86
Virus can only reproduce ......
Inside living cells
87
Are viruses living organelles, why?
No because they don't move, and they don't respire.
88
The cell which virus lived in is called ....
Host cell
89
Virus can infect bacteria.
True
90
How do virus cells create envelope?
By stealing a small part of cell membrane from its host cell.
91
What thing is human body can kill viruses?
Our immune system
92
How does virus reproduce?
It takes over the DNA generator in the nucleus to produce more virus.
93
What happened after many virus particles have been made?
The cell will be destroyed, and the virus infect other cells.
94
viruses can destroy immune system very quickly.
False
95
Which virus can reproduce in our immune system and destroy our immune system?
HIV
96
What is another name for protein coat?
Capsid
97
State the name of respiration which products contain oxygen and respiration which doesn't.
aerobic respiration (respiration which contain oxygen)
anaerobic respiration (respiration which does not contain oxygen)
98
Why oxygen is important for respiration despite still being able to make without it?
Without oxygen, the glucose is not completely broken down to produce enough energy to keep us alive
99
Another name of respiration?
Oxidation of glucose
100
How does oxygen is used in respiration?
Oxygen is used to oxidize glucose to produce energy and release carbon dioxide and water as waste products.
101
What does glucose contain?
Glucose contains chemical energy which can be converted into other types of energy that the cell can use.
102
Most of the energy released from respiration is used to ....
make ATP.
103
Does respiration release energy as heat? Where can we use that energy?
Yes, mammals use this energy to maintain their body temperature.
104
How ATP molecules can be used?
Active transport of ions and molecules
Cell divisions
Building large molecule
contraction of muscle cells
105
Overall reaction of respiration with symbols.
glucose + oxygen ----- > water + carbon dioxide + (energy)
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --------> 6H20 + 6CO2
106
Cell passes out energy from respiration to other process by using ......
ATP
107
Full name of ATP.
Adenosine triphosphate
108
What does ATP compose of?
Adenosine and three phosphates.
109
How can ATP be broken down?
It can be broken down into ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and one phosphate by using water molecule.
110
How does respiration produce ATP.
Energy from respiration is used to combine the phosphate to the ADP making ATP.
111
What does ATP do?
ATP transfer energy from respiration to cell which needs the energy to work.
112
Where does aerobic respiration reaction occur?
mitochondrion
113
why is less energy release in anaerobic respiration?
Because glucose is not completely broken down.
114
anaerobic respiration in yeast?
glucose -------> ethanol + carbon dioxide (+some energy)
115
What is another name of yeast anaerobic respiration?
Fermentation
116
anaerobic respiration in muscle cells?
glucose --------> lactic acid (+some energy)
117
What does anaerobic respiration provide for muscle energy?
It provide enough energy to keep the overworked muscles going for a short period of time.
118
What is oxygen debt?
The amount of oxygen needed to completely oxidize the lactate that builds up in the body during anaerobic respiration is called oxygen debt.
119
How can materials move in and out of the cell?
diffusion
osmosis
active transport
120
What is diffusion?
Movement of substances from region of high concentration to region of low concentration.
121
What is active transport?
Movement of substances from region of low concentration to region of high concentration with the energy from respiration.
122
What is osmosis?
Osmosis is the movement of water from diluted solution (high water potential) to more concentrated solution (low water potential) across the partially permeable membrane.
123
The opposite of diffusion?
Active transport
124
What are pumps in human cells?
Pumps are large proteins that can be found inside of cell membrane which are driven by the breakdown of ATP.
125
How does cell use active transport?
To control the uptake of many substances.
126
What are 4 factors that can affect the diffusion rate?
Concentration gradient
Temperature
Surface area to volume ratio
Diffusion distance
127
Diffusion happens more quickly if there is ...... concentration gradient.
Steep
128
Smaller the size ---> ....(1)... surface area to volume ratio ----> ...(2).... the diffusion.
bigger, faster
129
The ....... the distance, the slower diffusion.
greater
130
The .......temperature, the quicker diffusion.
greater
131
Why some part of animals and plant cells specially adapted for the exchange of materials?
Because they have large surface area.
132
What do cells exchange substances with?
With their surroundings
133
Diffusion is a ....
slow process
134
Organs that rely on diffusion need ...... which it can take place.
large surface area
135
What does alveoli allow to do?
Alveoli allows the gas exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen between blood and air during breathing.
136
What does the villi of the small intestine provide?
villi of small intestine provide large surface area for the digested food.
137
multicellular organisms begin life as ......
Single cell zygote
138
How do we get countless millions of cells?
By cell division
139
What are 2 types of cell divisions?
mitosis (for growth and recovery)
meiosis (for reproduction)
140
Which control the mitosis?
Genes
141
What is differentiation?
In differentiation, cells are specialized to carry out particular functions.
142
How different kind of cells develop?
Different kind of cells develop depending on their place in embryo.
143
Is differentiation also under the control of genes?
Yes
144
What are specialized cells?
cells which have special appearance and special function.
145
What are specialized cells in human and what are their special traits?
nerve cells (carry electrical pulses)
smooth muscles cells (can contrast and relax)
sperm cells (can swim)
146
What are specialized cells in plants and what are their special traits?
xylem vessels(dead cells, carry water up stem)
guard cells on the surface of leaf (its specialized shape provide in pore to allow gas exchange)
leaf palisade cells (packed with full of chloroplasts)
147
Another names of nerve cell and sex cells.
nerve cells - neurons
sex cells - gametes
148
What are smallest things in our body?
organelles
149
What are tissues?
Tissues are the combination of similar cells which carry out particular function.
150
What are organs?
Organs are the collection of several tissues which carry out a particular function.
151
Collections of organs result ---(1)--- and combination of that result ---(2)----
organ system, organism
152
What are 7 main organ systems?
digestive system
circulatory system
gas exchange system
excretory system
endocrine system
nervous system
reproductive system
153
What are stem cells?
Stem cells are cells which have the ability to divide into multiple cells by using mitosis while being undifferentiated.
154
What are 2 types of stem cells?
embryonic stem cells
adult stem cells
155
Where can you find embryonic stem cells?
At the early stage of the development of embryo.
156
Can embryonic stem cell differentiate into any type of cell?
Yes
157
Where can you find adult stem cells?
in certain adult tissues.
158
What is the most common form of stem cell therapy?
Bone marrow transplant
159
Which condition does bone marrow transplant use to cure?
Leukemia
160
How the cell from embryo is removed?
by using fine glass capillary tube
161
What are catalysts?
Catalysts are chemicals that made the reactions faster without being used up itself.
162
What are enzymes?
Enzymes are biological catalysts.
163
Cell contains hundreds of different enzymes.
True
164
Which control the production of enzymes?
Genes
165
Enzymes are not protein.
False
166
Why do we need enzymes?
Enzymes make the chemical reaction in our body faster, and without it, due to our low body temperature, the reactions won't be fast enough to keep us alive.
167
Protein have enormous range of structures and shapes.
True
168
What is substrate?
Substance that the enzyme acts on.
169
What is active site?
small area of enzyme surface which the substrate fits into is called active site.
170
What happened if a substrate joins up with the active site?
It lowers the energy needed for the reaction to start.
171
What is lock and key model of enzyme action?
In lock and key model, a substrate will only fit into the active site of particular enzyme.
172
An enzyme will catalyze several reactions.
False
173
What happened after enzyme catalyze a reaction?
Products are released from active site and enzyme is once again free to act on other substances.
174
What are 2 factors that can affect the activity of enzymes?
temperature and ph
175
Why optimum temperature of enzymes is different in different organism?
Because enzymes are evolved to work best at the normal body temperature of the organism.
176
Why increase in temperature increases the rate of reaction?
Rise in temperature increase the rate of reaction because temperature gives the molecules of substrate and enzymes more kinetic energy which result them to collide more often.
177
What happened to enzyme when its temperature is above its optimum temperature?
The enzyme will be denatured.
178
Proteins are resilient to heat.
False
179
What happen to enzyme when it's denatured?
It's active site shape permanently changed.
180
In which ph., enzymes work the best?
neutral ph
181
In graph, where is the point of optimum temperature and ph?
highest point in the graph
182
How much is neutral ph.?
7
183
What happened when the ph. is on either side of neutral?
It will affects the structure of the enzyme and change the shape of the active site.
184
Enzymes can work well near its optimum ph.
True
185
What are some change in body that take place to keep temperature?
Sweating, vasodilation, vasoconstriction,
hair erections, shivering, changes in
metabolisms and some behavioral
change keep the body temperature.
186
What is shivering?
Shivering occurs where the muscles contract and relax rapidly.
