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Biology > Unit 4 (Digestion) > Flashcards

Unit 4 (Digestion) Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we need food?

A

We need food

To use as fuel for energy
To fight back diseases and keep us healthy
For growth and recovery of tissues.

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2
Q

What is 5 food groups and others?

A

Carbohydrates
Fats
Protein
minerals
vitamins

Along with

water and dietary fibers

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3
Q

What is balanced diet?

A

Balanced diet contain 5 food groups along with water and dietary fibers at correct proportion to keep us healthy.

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4
Q

What are 3 biological molecules from main food groups made up of chemical elements? What does each of these molecules contain?

A

Carbon hydrates, Contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Fats Contain only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
Protein Contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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5
Q

How much percent does carbohydrates made up our body.

A

1%

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6
Q

What are other names of sugar beside glucose?

A

Fructose - fruit sugar (Monosaccharides)
Lactose - milk sugar
Sucrose - ordinary sugar (Disaccharides)

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7
Q

What are the types of sugars?

A

Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose)
Disaccharides (Sucrose)
Polysaccharides (glycogen, starch)

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8
Q

What are physical properties of sugar?

A

They are sweet and soluble in water

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9
Q

What are starches and how can they be found?

A

Starch are polymers of glucose, and they can be found as storage form?

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10
Q

What are some examples of polysaccharides of glucose?

A

Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose

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11
Q

What do starch and glycogen need to be done to get absorbed by the blood?

A

They need to be broken down into simple sugars during digestion to get absorbed by the blood.

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12
Q

Why we are not able to digest cellulose?

A

Because our gut do not make enzyme that can break down cellulose.

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13
Q

We use cellulose as energy source.

A

False

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14
Q

What does dietary fiber give us?

A

Dietary fiber give muscles of the guts something to push against as the food move through the intestine which keeps the guts contents moving avoiding constipation. (To avoid constipation)

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15
Q

What are some disease that can be prevent by getting dietary fiber?

A

Colitis and bowel cancer

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16
Q

Can we immediately use polysaccharides?

A

No

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17
Q

What food are in staple diet?

A

Starchy food

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18
Q

What is the correct term to call fat?

A

Lipids

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19
Q

What are 2 types of lipids?

A

Fats which are found in animals stay as solid at room temperature but can melt when heated.

Oil which are found in plants stay as liquid at room temperature.

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20
Q

Lipids made up about —– of our body’s mass.

A

10%

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21
Q

What does lipids use for?

A
  • Fat layer under the surface of the skin acts as insulation, reducing heat loss through the surface of the body.
  • Fats surroundings the internal organs help protect organ from mechanical damage.
  • It is also used a storage of energy
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22
Q

What are building block of carbohydrate, protein and lipid?

A

carbohydrate - glucose
protein - amino acid
lipid - glycerol and fatty acid

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23
Q

Proteins are polymers.

A

True, they are polymers of amino acids.

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24
Q

Is lipid the same as carbohydrate?

A

No, they are not the same because the amount of substances in glucose such as oxygen and carbon dioxide in lipids are not the same as in carbohydrate.

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25
Q

Why do we need protein for?

A

We need protein for growth, recovery of tissue and production of enzymes, antibodies and hormones.

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26
Q

What is element that can rarely contain in protein?

A

Sulfur

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27
Q

Protein made up about —– of our body?

A

18%

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28
Q

Plant material generally contains less protein.

A

True

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29
Q

What is recommend maximum daily uptake of protein?

A

70g

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30
Q

How many different amino acid are there?

A

20

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31
Q

How many amino acid contain sulfur?

A

2

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32
Q

What is important for protein to carry out its function?

A

Shape of the protein

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33
Q

What determines the shape of the protein?

A

Arrangement of amino acids which made up protein determines its shape.

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34
Q

Protein has osmotic effects.

A

True

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35
Q

Which organ does alcohol harm?

A

Liver

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36
Q

How many amino acid does human can make and which organ produce them?

A

liver can produce 10 amino acid

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37
Q

What are the 10 amino acid which need to be taken in as part of diet called?

A

Essential amino acids

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38
Q

Protein deficiency disease name.

A

kwashiorkor

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39
Q

How much calcium does human body contain?

A

1000g of human mass

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40
Q

How much irons does human body contain?

A

3g of human’s mass

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41
Q

What does lack of iron can cause?

A

anaemia (‌သွေးအားနည်း disease) where the person become exhausted and lack energy.

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42
Q

What does calcium use for?

A

To make bones and teeth

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43
Q

What does irons use for?

A

To make hemoglobin which carry oxygen in red blood cells.

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44
Q

What can deficiency of vitamin D cause

A

Rickets and poor teeth

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45
Q

Why does vitamin A use for?

A

It is used to make light-sensitive chemical in the retina and also protect surface of the eye.

46
Q

What can lack of vitamin A deficiency cause?

A

night blindness

47
Q

What does vitamin D use for?

A

It helps growing bones to absorb calcium and phosphate

48
Q

What does Vitamin C use for?

A

It is used to make connective tissues.

49
Q

What does connective tissue do?

A

Connective tissues bond cells in tissue together

50
Q

What does vitamin C deficiency cause?

A

scurvy where would fail to heal.

51
Q

What does Vitamin B1, B2, B3 used for?

A

They help in respiration.

52
Q

What are the chemical needed in test for starch?

A

We will use Iodine solution which has brown-yellow color.

53
Q

What indicate that the starch exist in food?

A

If the food exist in starch, it will react with iodine to form blue black color.

54
Q

What is the chemical needed to test protein?

A

biuret solution which is the combination of copper 2 sulfate and potassium hydroxide, colored blue.

55
Q

What indicate that the food exist protein?

A

If the mixture of biuret solution (potassium hydroxide + copper sulfate) and food turn into purple.

56
Q

What is chemical needed to test glucose or reducing sugar?

A

We will use Benedict solution which is copper II sulfate color blue

57
Q

What do we need to do in testing for glucose?

A

We need to heat the test tube containing glucose with benedict’s solution in water bath.

58
Q

How can we know if the food has sugar?

A

When the benedict’s solution is added to the solution of glucose and water, if the color turned into red-brick, blue, green precipitates of copper oxide then, we know the food has sugar.

59
Q

What are receptors of retina?

A

Rods (helps to see in dark but no color)

Cones (help to see in light with color)

60
Q

Why is glucose is called reducing sugar?

A

Because test for glucose reduce copper 2 sulfate to copper oxide

61
Q

What are the chemical and positive result of lipid present in food?

A

Ethanol solution, If the emulsion or milky white layer form on the surface of cold water when solution of oil and ethanol pour into it.

62
Q

What must components of food be done before get absorbed through the wall of the gut?

A

They must be converted into building blocks which make them to get absorbed by the wall of the gut.

63
Q

What is digestion?

A

Digestion is the mechanical or chemical breakdown of food which converts large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules.

64
Q

What happened when the digestive molecule reach the tissue?

A

When it react the tissue, they are reassembled into molecules that made up our cells.

65
Q

What does circular muscle and longitudinal muscle of the gut have?

A

Circular muscles have fibers arranged in rings around the gut and longitudinal muscle have fibers running along the length of gut.

66
Q

What are 2 types of digestion?

A

mechanical digestion
chemical digestion

67
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

Mechanical digestion is the physical break down of food.

68
Q

What do chewing do to the food?

A

It break down food into small pieces which increase surface area for the better diffusion.

69
Q

Mouth does both digestion.

A

True

70
Q

How does food pass along the gut?

A

Food pass along the gut by wave of muscle contraction called peristalsis (when circular muscles and longitudinal muscles relax, the gut it made narrower)

71
Q

Movement of food in the gut depend on gravity.

A

False

72
Q

What does saliva contain?

A

amylase which break down carbohydrate into maltose.

73
Q

What are the enzyme name of carbohydrate, lipid and protein?

A

carbohydrase
lipase
protease

74
Q

What are the carbohydrase?

A

amylase which is made by salivary gland convert carbohydrate into maltose in mouth.

amylase which is made by pancreas convert carbohydrate into maltose in small intestine.

maltase which is made by wall of small intestine convert maltose into glucose in small intestine.

75
Q

what are maltose?

A

Disaccharides of glucose

76
Q

What are protease?

A

pepsin which is made by wall of stomach convert protein into peptides in stomach

trypsin which is made by pancreas convert protein into peptides in small intestine

peptidase which is made by wall of small intestine convert peptides into amino acids.

77
Q

What is the only biological molecules that stomach break down?

A

Protein

78
Q

What does lipases do?

A

Lipase made in pancreas convert lipid into glycerol and fatty acid in small intestine.

79
Q

What are the works of large intestine?

A

colon of large intestine absorb water out of the remaining of digested food.

Rectum of large intestine store those remaining.

80
Q

Where does digestion begin?

A

at mouth.

81
Q

Stomach contents are highly acidic.

A

True

82
Q

Why secretion of hydrochloric acid in stomach is important?

A

It kills bacteria and maintain the optimum ph for pepsin.

83
Q

Which prevent the semi-digested food in the stomach to go to duodenum.

A

contraction of sphincter muscle

84
Q

What is bile?

A

Bile is digestive juice made by liver and stored in gall bladder and pass down through bile duct onto the food.

85
Q

Does bile contain enzymes?

A

No

86
Q

What are the functions of bile?

A

It emulsifies lipid to increase surface area (convert large lipid globules into emulsion of tiny droplets).

It neutralizes acidic contents.

87
Q

Bile and pancreatic juice are alkaline.

A

True

88
Q

How ileum has been developed to adapt to absorb the digested food?

A

It has villi and microvilli which provide massive surface area in contact with digested food

Its wall of villi are one cell thick decreasing the diffusion distance

Its has blood capillaries to absorb glucose and maintain concentration gradient

It has lacteal to absorb fatty acids of glycerol and products of fat digestion.

89
Q

What does surface of a villus is made of?

A

Epithelium

90
Q

What does epithelium cells contain?

A

mitochondrion which supply energy needed for active transport of some substances

91
Q

What distribute digested food molecules around the body?

A

blood system

92
Q

Difference between excretion and egestion?

A

Excretion is the removal of the waste products of the cell which egestion is the removal of the waste products or remaining from digestion which are not chemical reaction.

93
Q

What is the name of the large blood vessels of ileum?

A

Hepatic portal veins

94
Q

How the energy content is measured?

A

In kilojoules

95
Q

How much energy does a gram of carbon hydrate produce when fully oxidized?

A

17kj

96
Q

How much energy does a gram of lipid produce?

A

39 kj

97
Q

How much energy does a gram of protein produce?

A

18 kj

98
Q

Why energy is needed while you are sleeping?

A

To keep our body warm
To keep the heart beating
To sent message through nerves
For other body functions

99
Q

What are the factors that vary amount of energy a person need?

A

Amount of energy a person need can vary depending on their age, body size(weight), gender and amount of activities they do, pregnancy and content of diet.

100
Q

Greater weight = —– energy needed.

A

more

101
Q

Formula of energy in joules per gram?

A

{ (Final temperature - initial temperature) x mass of water x 4.2 } / mass of food

102
Q

How the food sample in hold in experiment?

A

with mounted needle

103
Q

How do we ignite the food in experiment?

A

We ignite the food into complete combustions

104
Q

Mass of water 1 ml = —– g.

A

1

105
Q

Which type of sugar is soluble in water?

A

Monosaccharides and Disaccharides

106
Q

Why glucose can’t be stored?

A

It is soluble in water and has osmotic effect.

107
Q

What does cellulose form in the body?

A

Dietary fibers

108
Q

Why is the main reason for eating dietary fibers?

A

To avoid constipation

109
Q

Why people with anaemia lack of energy?

A

They have less red blood cells which lead to less oxygen in the blood resulting less respirations meaning less energy is release.

110
Q

What can Vitamin B1, B2, B3 deficiency cause

A

Poor growth

111
Q

What is the precaution of heating mixture of glucose and benedict’s solution in water bath.

A

Point it away form the person.

112
Q

What is egestion?

A

Removal of undigested waste products.

Biology (14 decks)

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