Exercise 13: Animal Cells and Tissues

Question 1

Enumerate the 4 general types of animal tissues.

Answer 1

• epithelial
• connective
• muscle
• nervous

Question 2

Enumerate the 3 general functions of epithelial tissues.

Answer 2

• cover body surfaces
• line body cavities and ducts
• form glands

Question 3

It refers to tissues that bind, support, and protect body parts.

Answer 3

connective tissues

Question 4

It refers to tissues that produce movement via contractions.

Answer 4

muscle tissues

Question 5

It refers to tissues that transmit nerve impulses from one body part to and from the spinal cord and brain.

Answer 5

nerve tissues

Question 6

It refers to the material surrounding the cells.

Answer 6

extracellular matrix

Question 7

TRUE or FALSE:
The composition of the extracellular matrix varies among different tissue types.

Answer 7

True

Question 8

Enumerate the 2 types of epithelial tissues according to function.

Answer 8

• membranous epithelia
• glandular epithelia

Question 9

It is described as epithelial tissues which consist of sheets of tightly packed epithelial cells that line the organs.

Answer 9

membranous epithelia

Question 10

It is described as epithelial tissues which consist of clumps of epithelial cells that form glands.

Answer 10

glandular epithelia

Question 11

TRUE or FALSE:
Epithelial cells are polar, which means they have a distinct basal and apical side.

Answer 11

True

Question 12

The surface of an epithelial tissue which is anchored to the thin, sheet-like extracellular matrix.

Answer 12

basal surface

Question 13

It refers to the thin, sheet-like extracellular matrix.

Answer 13

basement membrane; basal lamina

Question 14

It refers to the surface of an epithelial tissue facing towards the external environment or towards the lumen.

Answer 14

apical surface

Question 15

It refers to the cavity at the center of a tubular structure.

Answer 15

lumen

Question 16

Enumerate the 2 classifications of membranous epithelia according to the number of cell layers.

Answer 16

• simple - single layer
• stratified - multiple layers

Question 17

Enumerate the 3 classifications of the cells in the membranous epithelia and describe their shapes.

Answer 17

• squamous - flat cells
• cuboidal - cube shaped cells
• columnar - elongated cells

Question 18

Identify which membranous epithelia is described below:
single layer of flat cells

Answer 18

simple squamous epithelia

Question 19

Identify which membranous epithelia is described below:
single layer of cube-shaped cells

Answer 19

simple cuboidal epithelia

Question 20

Identify which membranous epithelia is described below:
lines small ducts and tubules

Answer 20

simple cuboidal epithelia

Question 21

Identify which membranous epithelia is described below:
single layer of elongated cells

Answer 21

simple columnar epithelia

Question 22

Complete the sentence below:
The stratified epithelia of frog skin consist of __________ epithelial cells found on the surface and layers of __________ epithelial cells beneath.

Answer 22

squamous; cuboidal or columnar

Question 23

Which non-keratinized epithelia line moist internal cavities such as the oral mucosa and esophagus?

Answer 23

stratified squamous epithelia

Question 24

Complete the sentence below.
The functional units of the glandular epithelia may be __________ or __________.

Answer 24

unicellular; multicellular

Question 25

Identify the 2 classifications of multicellular glands.

Answer 25

exocrine and endocrine

Question 26

Unicellular or Multicellular: **goblet cells**

Answer 26

unicellular glands

Question 27

Unicellular of Multicellular: **cutaneous glands**

Answer 27

multicellular, exocrine

Question 28

TRUE or FALSE: The body of the cutaneous glands are round and hollow, and is found beneath the epithelial layers.

Answer 28

True

Question 29

It connects the body of the cutaneous glands to the surface via a narrow opening.

Answer 29

neck

Question 30

TRUE or FALSE: The goblet cells are interspersed among the columnar epithelia.

Answer 30

True

Question 31

It refers to the substance which mainly comprises the connective tissues.

Answer 31

extracellular matrix (ECM)

Question 32

Enumerate the 2 classifications of fibrous connective tissues that support and join body structures.

Answer 32

* loose connective tissue * dense connective tissue

Question 33

Which cells secrete the extracellular matrix?

Answer 33

fibrocytes

Question 34

Enumerate the specialized types of connective tissues.

Answer 34

* cartilage * bone * blood

Question 35

It is considered as the "packing material" of the body.

Answer 35

loose connective tissue

Question 36

Which connective tissue anchors blood vessels, nerves, and muscles?

Answer 36

loose connective tissue

Question 37

Which connective tissue is found in the skin, tendons, and ligaments?

Answer 37

dense connective

Question 38

TRUE or FALSE: The dense connective tissue consists primarily of densely packed fibers which may be ir/regular in arrangement.

Answer 38

True

Question 39

It refers to the flexible supportive tissue.

Answer 39

cartilage

Question 40

It refers to the cells comprising the cartilage.

Answer 40

chondrocytes

Question 41

It refers to the amorphous ground substance comprising the extracellular matrix and giving resilience to the cartilage.

Answer 41

chondroitin sulfate

Question 42

Enumerate the types of cartilage.

Answer 42

* hyaline * fibrocartilage * elastic

Question 43

Which cartilage is the most abundant?

Answer 43

hyaline cartilage

Question 44

Which cartilage is characterized by very fine collagen fibers that are dispersed in the gelatinous ground substance.

Answer 44

hyaline

Question 45

Enumerate the functions of the bone.

Answer 45

* internal support * protection to internal organs * anchorage of muscles

Question 46

It refers to the cells comprising bones.

Answer 46

osteocytes

Question 47

It refers to the mineralized ground substance comprising the extracellular matrix of bones.

Answer 47

hydroxyapatite

Question 48

Enumerate the 2 types of bone tissues and describe their functions.

Answer 48

* compact - forms the external layer of bones * spongy (cancellous) - forms in the internal layers of bones

Question 49

It refers to the basic histological unit of compact bone tissue.

Answer 49

osteon (Haversian canal system)

Question 50

It refers to the center of osteon which runs longitudinally, parallel to the bone.

Answer 50

Haversian canal

Question 51

Are transverse channels connecting adjacent Haversian canals.

Answer 51

Volkmann's canal

Question 52

Are concentric rings of extracellular matrix surrounding the Haversian canals.

Answer 52

lamellae

Question 53

Are spaces that house osteocytes which are interspersed along the concentric rings of the extracellular matrix.

Answer 53

lacunae

Question 54

Are small canals projecting from the lacunae.

Answer 54

canaluculi

Question 55

Are osteocyte cytoplasmic extensions projecting from the canaliculi to connect with other osteocytes

Answer 55

filopodia

Question 56

Complete the sentence. Blood is often considered as a separate tissue type called _______________.

Answer 56

vascular tissue

Question 57

It refers to the extracellular material of the blood.

Answer 57

plasma

Question 58

Enumerate the 3 cellular elements of the blood.

Answer 58

* erythrocytes (RBC) * leukocytes (WBC) * platelets

Question 59

Identify the primary function of erythrocytes.

Answer 59

oxygen transport

Question 60

It refers to the component of erythrocytes which binds oxygen, giving RBCs their red color.

Answer 60

hemoglobin

Question 61

Identify the primary function of leukocytes.

Answer 61

for immunity

Question 62

Differentiate the 2 general classifications of leukocytes.

Answer 62

* granulocytes - if cytoplasmic granules are present * agranulocyte - if cytoplasmic granules are absent

Question 63

Enumerate the 5 types of leukocytes.

Answer 63

* lymphocytes * monocytes * neutrophils * basophils * eosinophils

Question 64

Determine which leukocyte is described below: Are responsible for initiating the acquired immune response of vertebrates.

Answer 64

lymphocytes

Question 65

Determine which leukocyte is described below: Small cells that possess a large, acentric nucleus with narrow cytoplasm.

Answer 65

lymphocytes

Question 66

Determine which leukocyte is described below: Are the largest white blood cells.

Answer 66

monocytes

Question 67

Determine which leukocyte is described below: Cells that possess an unlobed, acentric, kidney-shaped nucleus which lacks granules.

Answer 67

monocytes

Question 68

Determine which leukocyte is described below: Gives rise to macrophages when activated.

Answer 68

monocytes

Question 69

Determine which leukocyte is described below: Possess a relatively light stained granular cytoplasm and multi-lobed nucleus.

Answer 69

neutrophils

Question 70

Determine which leukocyte is described below: Are the body's initial phagocytic defense.

Answer 70

neutrophils

Question 71

Determine which leukocyte is described below: Possess dense, dark, large granules.

Answer 71

basophils

Question 72

Determine which leukocyte is described below: Are associated with allergies and inflammation.

Answer 72

basophils

Question 73

Determine which leukocyte is described below: Possess a bilobed nucleus.

Answer 73

eosinophils and basophils

Question 74

Determine which leukocyte is described below: Typically stain reddish.

Answer 74

eosinophils

Question 75

Determine which leukocyte is described below: Defend against parasitic infections.

Answer 75

eosinophils

Question 76

It refers to the cells comprising the muscular tissue.

Answer 76

myocytes

Question 77

Are cytoplasmic substances allowing the contraction of myocytes.

Answer 77

actin and myosin filaments

Question 78

Enumerate the 3 classifications of muscular tissue.

Answer 78

* skeletal * smooth * cardiac

Question 79

It refers to the multi-nucleated state.

Answer 79

syncytium

Question 80

It refers to the specialized connective tissue which connects skeletal muscles to bones.

Answer 80

tendons

Question 81

Identify the 2 striations of skeletal muscles.

Answer 81

* I-bands * A-bands

Question 82

Which muscle tissue contracts without conscious control and is therefore considered an involuntary muscle?

Answer 82

smooth muscle

Question 83

Which muscle tissue is striated and possesses more than one nucleus per cell?

Answer 83

skeletal muscles

Question 84

Which muscle has no striations and possesses only one nucleus per cell?

Answer 84

smooth muscle

Question 85

Which muscle is arranged in sheets on the walls of organs such as the stomach, intestines, and the uterus.

Answer 85

smooth muscle

Question 86

Which muscle is striated and is found only in vertebrate hearts.

Answer 86

cardiac muscles

Question 87

Complete the sentence below: In cardiac muscles, the cells are connected by _______________ which helps synchronize the contraction of the muscles.

Answer 87

intercalated discs

Question 88

It refers to tissues which facilitate communication, coordination, and control.

Answer 88

nervous tissues

Question 89

It carries impulses across the body.

Answer 89

nerve

Question 90

It refers to the loose connective tissue which serves as the outer covering of the nerve.

Answer 90

epineurium

Question 91

It refers to the dense sheath of connective tissue of the fascicle.

Answer 91

perineurium

Question 92

Complete the sentence below: The fascicle is composed of bundles of ____________ or ____________.

Answer 92

nerve fibers, axons

Question 93

Complete the sentence below: Each nerve fiber is surrounded by a layer of white insulating material called the __________ or __________.

Answer 93

Schwann, myelin sheath.

Question 94

Complete the sentence below: The __________ wraps around each nerve fiber and fills in the rest of the fascicle's interior.

Answer 94

endoneurium

Question 95

It refers to the functional unit of the nervous system.

Answer 95

neuron

Question 96

It refers to the cell body which contains the nucleus and the protoplasmic extensions.

Answer 96

soma

Question 97

Are short, branch-like protoplasmic extensions of the neuron.

Answer 97

dendrites

Question 98

Are long, thin protoplasmic extensions of the neuron.

Answer 98

axon