Exercise 19: Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and the ANS

Question 0

The spinal cord is located within the vertebral canal of the spinal column and held in place by ____ ____, which are part of the ____ ____.

Answer 0

1. Denticulate ligaments

2. Pia mater

Question 1

The cylindrical continuation of the brain stem that provides neural pathways throughout the body

Answer 1

Spinal cord

Question 2

The spinal cord ranges from the ____ ____ to its terminal end, the ____ ____.

Answer 2

1. Foramen magnum

2. Conus medullaris

Question 3

CSF-filled meninges go beyond the ____ ____, allowing a good placement for a lumbar tap, typically around ____-____.

Answer 3

1. Conus medullaris

2. L3-L5

Question 4

Anesthesia for childbirth is normally injected between ____ and ____.

Answer 4

1. L3

2. L5

Question 5

____ ____ of spinal nerves arise from the ____ ____ and pass through ____ ____ to serve the body at different regions.

Answer 5

1. 31 pairs
2. Spinal cord
3. Intervertebral foramina

Question 6

Since the spinal cord doesn’t fully extend through the vertebral column, the spinal nerves emerging from the interior end of the cord (____ ____) must travel through the vertebral canal for some distance before exiting at the appropriate ____.

Answer 6

1. Cauda equina

2. Foramina

Question 7

Looks like an H or butterfly on spinal cord cross section

Answer 7

Gray matter

Question 8

Two dorsal projections

Answer 8

Dorsal (posterior) horns

Question 9

The dorsal horns contain ____ and ____ ____ that enter the cord from the body via the ____ ____.

Answer 9

1. Interneurons
2. Sensory fibers
3. Dorsal root

Question 10

An enlarged area of the dorsal root that contains the cell bodies of the sensory neurons

Answer 10

Dorsal root ganglion

Question 11

Overall, the posterior side of the spinal cord would be considered the ____ side of the spinal cord.

Answer 11

Sensory

Question 12

Two ventral projections

Answer 12

Ventral (anterior) horns

Question 13

The tips of the ventral horns are ____ and ____-____ than the dorsal horns.

Answer 13

1. Broader

2. Less-tapered

Question 14

The ventral horns contain cell bodies of ____ ____ of the ____ nervous system (voluntary system) which send their axons out via the ____ ____.

Answer 14

1. Motor neurons
2. Somatic
3. Ventral root

Question 15

Overall, the anterior side of the spinal cord would be considered the ____ side of the spinal cord

Answer 15

Motor

Question 16

Formed by the fusion of he dorsal and ventral roots; mixed nerves containing both sensory and motor fibers

Answer 16

Spinal nerves

Question 17

Lateral outpocketings of gray matter

Answer 17

Lateral horns

Question 18

The lateral horns contain nerve cell bodies of ____ ____ of the ____ nervous system (____ division)

Answer 18

1. Motor neurons
2. Autonomic
3. Sympathetic

Question 19

The axons of the lateral horns leave the cord by ____ ____ along with those of the motor neurons of the ____ ____.

Answer 19

1. Ventral roots

2. Ventral horns

Question 20

Central area of gray matter connecting the two vertical regions

Answer 20

Gray commissure

Question 21

The gray commissure surrounds the ____ ____ of the spinal cord which contains CSF.

Answer 21

Central canal

Question 22

Composed of myelinated fibers

Answer 22

White matter

Question 23

The white matter of the spinal cord is nearly bisected by ____.

Answer 23

Fissures

Question 24

In white matter, the more open ventral fissure

Answer 24

Ventral median fissure

Question 25

In white matter, the dorsal shallow fissure

Answer 25

Dorsal median sulcus

Question 26

3 primary regions (or white columns) of white matter

Answer 26

1. Dorsal (posterior) funiculi 2. Lateral funiculi 3. Ventral (anterior) funiculi

Question 27

Each funiculus contains a number of ____ ____ composed of axons with the same ____, ____, and ____.

Answer 27

1. Fiber tracts 2. Origin 3. Terminus 4. Function

Question 28

Tracts that conduct sensory impulses to the brain

Answer 28

Sensory (ascending) tracts

Question 29

Tracts that carry impulses from the brain to skeletal muscles

Answer 29

Motor (descending) tracts

Question 30

____ pairs of human spinal nerves arise from fusion of ventral and dorsal roots of the spinal cord

Answer 30

31

Question 31

There are ____ pairs of cervical nerves (____ to ____)

Answer 31

8 C1 to C8

Question 32

There are ____ pairs of thoracic nerves (____ to ____)

Answer 32

12 T1 to T12

Question 33

There are ____ pairs of lumbar nerves (____ to ____)

Answer 33

5 L1 to L5

Question 34

There are ____ pairs of sacral nerves (____ to ____)

Answer 34

5 S1 to S5

Question 35

There is ____ pair of coccygeal nerves (____)

Answer 35

1 Co1

Question 36

The first pair of spinal nerves leaves the vertebral canal between the base of the ____ and the ____, but all the rest exit by the ____ ____.

Answer 36

1. Occiput 2. Atlas 3. Intervertebral foramina

Question 37

The first through seventh pairs of cervical nerves emerge ____ the vertebra for which they are named.

Answer 37

Above

Question 38

C8 emerges between the ____ and ____ vertebrae.

Answer 38

1. C7 | 2. T1

Question 39

Spinal nerves T1 and lower emerge from the spinal cord ____ the same-numbered vertebra.

Answer 39

Below

Question 40

Each spinal nerve divides into the ____ and ____ ____.

Answer 40

1. Dorsal | 2. Ventral rami

Question 41

Rami contain both ____ and ____ fibers.

Answer 41

1. Sensory | 2. Motor

Question 42

Rami that serve the skin and muscles of the posterior body trunk

Answer 42

Dorsal rami

Question 43

Rami that pass anteriorly as the intercostal nerves to supply intercostal muscles and skin and muscles of anterior and lateral trunk

Answer 43

Ventral rami of spinal nerves T2 and T12

Question 44

Form complex networks of nerves called nerve plexuses

Answer 44

Ventral rami of all spinal nerves other than T2 and T12

Question 45

Complex network of nerves

Answer 45

Nerve plexus

Question 46

The ventral rami of all spinal nerves besides T2 and T12 serve the ____ and ____ needs of the muscles of the anterior and lateral trunk; they primarily serve the ____ and ____ of the limbs.

Answer 46

1. Motor 2. Sensory 3. Muscles 4. Skin

Question 47

The 4 major nerve plexuses

Answer 47

1. Cervical plexus 2. Brachial plexus 3. Lumbar plexus 4. Sacral plexus

Question 49

C1 to C5

Answer 49

Cervical plexus

Question 50

The major motor branch of the cervical plexus

Answer 50

Phrenic nerve

Question 51

The phrenic nerve innervates the ____; one of it's jobs is to facilitate ____.

Answer 51

1. Diaphragm | 2. Breathing

Question 52

C5 to T1

Answer 52

Brachial plexus

Question 53

The nerves of the brachial plexus involve ____ ____ and ____skin.

Answer 53

1. Arm muscles | 2. Skin

Question 54

5 major peripheral nerves of the brachial plexus

Answer 54

1. Axillary nerve 2. Radial nerve 3. Musculocutaneous nerve 4. Median nerve 5. Ulnar nerve

Question 55

2 innervations of the axillary nerve

Answer 55

1. Deltoid muscle | 2. Teres minor

Question 56

2 innervations of the radial nerve

Answer 56

1. Triceps brachii | 2. Forearm extensor muscles

Question 57

2 innervations of the musculocutaneous nerve

Answer 57

1. Biceps brachii | 2. Anterior upper arm flexor muscles

Question 58

2 innervations of the median nerve

Answer 58

1. Anterior forearm flexor muscles | 2. Lateral palm and fingers

Question 59

2 innervations of the ulnar nerve

Answer 59

1. Anterior forearm flexor muscles | 2. Intrinsic muscles of hand

Question 60

2 major nerves of the lumbar plexus

Answer 60

1. Femoral nerve | 2. Obturator nerve

Question 61

5 innervations of the femoral nerve

Answer 61

1. Hip flexors 2. Quadriceps femoris 3. Sartorius 4. Pectineus 5. Skin

Question 62

Innervation of the obturator nerve

Answer 62

Femur adductor muscles

Question 63

L4 to S4

Answer 63

Sacral plexus

Question 64

3 parts of the body that the nerves of the sacral plexus supply

Answer 64

1. Buttocks 2. Posterior surface of the thigh 3. Nearly all sensory/motor fibers of the leg and foot

Question 65

Major peripheral nerve of the sacral plexus

Answer 65

Sciatic nerve

Question 66

Leaves the pelvis and travels down the posterior thigh, serving its flexor muscles and skin

Answer 66

Sciatic nerve

Question 67

In the popliteal region, the sciatic nerve divides into the ____ ____ ____ and the ____ ____, serving leg muscles and skin.

Answer 67

1. Common fibular nerve | 2. Tibial nerve

Question 68

2 branches of the sciatic nerve

Answer 68

1. Common fibular nerve | 2. Tibial nerve

Question 69

Innervation of the tibial nerve

Answer 69

The hamstrings group

Question 70

3 innervations of the common fibular nerve

Answer 70

1. Biceps femoris 2. Tibialis anterior 3. Extensor muscles of the toes

Question 71

Regulates the body activities that are involuntary

Answer 71

Autonomic nervous system

Question 72

The autonomic nervous system is a subdivision of the ____ nervous system

Answer 72

Peripheral

Question 73

3 parts of the body that are served by the ANS

Answer 73

1. Heart 2. Smooth muscle found in organs and blood vessels 3. Internal glands

Question 74

The ANS consists of chains of 2 motor neurons on the ____ pathway.

Answer 74

Efferent

Question 75

2 motor neurons of the ANS

Answer 75

1. Preganglionic neuron | 2. Ganglionic/postganglionic neuron

Question 76

The first motor neuron that resides in the spinal cord (CNS); its axon leaves the CNS to synapse with the second motor neuron

Answer 76

Preganglionic neuron

Question 77

The second motor neuron; its axon goes to the target organ

Answer 77

Ganglionic/postganglionic neuron

Question 78

A ganglion refers to a cell body located ____ the CNS.

Answer 78

Outside

Question 79

What happens to the axon of the preganglionic neuron?

Answer 79

It leaves the CNS to synapse with the second motor neuron

Question 80

What happens to the axon of the ganglionic/postganglionic neuron?

Answer 80

It goes to the target organ

Question 81

2 major functional subdivisions of the ANS

Answer 81

1. Sympathetic NS | 2. Parasympathetic NS

Question 82

"Fight or flight"

Answer 82

Sympathetic nervous system

Question 83

"Rest and digest"

Answer 83

Parasympathetic nervous system