Final Practical (Lab 7 Portion) Flashcards by Mae Mae Villamil

Control the chemical environment around neurons; most abundant

Astrocytes

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4 types of CNS neuroglia

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells

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Myelinated cytoplasmic extensions of the neuron to speed up signal conduction

Oligodendrocytes

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Phagocytic; destroys pathogens or cellular debris

Microglia

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Line CSF-filled cavities to secrete CSF (a clear liquid that bathes the CNS)

Ependymal cells

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2 types of PNS neuroglia

Schwann cells

2. Satellite cells

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Myelinated cytoplasmic extensions of the neuron to speed up signal conduction; assist in regeneration of damaged fibers

Schwann cells

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Surround the neurosomas in ganglia of the PNS; provide electrical insulation around the soma; regulate the chemical environment of the neurons

Satellite cells

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Region of the neuron that houses the nucleus and cytoplasm

Cell body/neurosoma

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The cytoplasm is riddled with ____ and ____ ____.

Neurofibrils and Nissil bodies

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Clusters of cell bodies in the CNS; neuron fibers running through the CNS form tracts of white matter

Nuclei

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Clusters of cell bodies outside the CNS; neuron fibers running from the peripheral nerves

Ganglia

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Cytoskeletal elements of the neuron that helps maintain support and intracellular transport functioning

Neurofibrils

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A type of rough endoplasmic reticulum that is involved with the metabolic activities of the cell

Nissil bodies

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Receptive regions for neurotransmitters released by other neurons; neurons can have many of these

Dendrites

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Nerve fibers that generate and conduct nerve impulses; neurons have only one of these

Axon

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Where the cell body transitions into the axon

Axon hillock

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Also known as synaptic knobs; form synapses or junctions with neurons or effector cells

Axon terminals

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Each axon terminal is separated from the cell body or dendrites of the next neuron by a ____ ____.

Synaptic cleft

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Gaps or indentations in the myelin sheath

Nodes of Ranvier

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A fatty material that covers the nerve fibers

Myelin

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The wrapping of Schwann cells around the axon in jelly roll fashion

Myelin sheath

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Sheath of Schwann - the peripheral part of the Schwann cell and its exposed plasma membrane

Neurilemma

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CNS sheaths do not exhibit the ____ seen in fibers myelinated by Schwann cells

Neurilemma

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Neurons carrying impulses from sensory receptors in the internal organs, the skin, skeletal muscles, joints, or special sensory organs; receptive endings are often equipped with specialized receptors that are stimulated by specific changes in their immediate environment; cell bodies found in a ganglion outside the CNS; typically unipolar

Sensory (afferent) neurons

Neurons carrying impulses from the CNS to the viscera and/or body muscles and glands; often multipolar; cell bodies located in the CNS

Motor (efferent) neurons

Neurons that help connect sensory and motor neurons; cell bodies located within CNS; multipolar structure

Interneurons (association neurons)

Three protective coverings of the brain and spinal cord

Meninges (singular: meninx)

Outermost meninx; double-layered membrane

Dura mater

Layer of the dura mater attached to the inner surface of skull forming the periosteum

Periosteal layer

Division of the dura mater which develops between the periosteal and meningeal layer

Dural sinus

Layer of the dura mater which forms the outermost brain and spinal cord covering

Meningeal layer

Middle meninx; weblike

Arachnoid mater

The arachnoid mater is separated from dura mater by ____ ____.

Subdural space

Threadlike projections bridge the ____ ____ to attach to pia mater

Subarachnoid space

The subarachnoid space is filled with ____ ____.

Cerebrospinal fluid

____ ____ protrude through dura mater to allow the CSF to drain back into venous circulation via the superior sagittal sinus and other dural sinuses.

Arachnoid villi

Innermost meninx; delicate layer; highly vascular and clings to the surface of the brain

Pia mater

An embryonic structure where the CNS is created

Neural tube

By 4th developmental week, the top/front end of the neural tube expands, constricts, and divides itself into the ____, ____, and ____.

Forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

The lower segment of the neural tube becomes the ____ ____.

Spinal cord

The central canal of the neural tube enlarges in 4 regions of the brain, making chambers called ____.

Ventricles

4 ventricles of the brain

2 lateral ventricles, 3rd ventricle, and 4th ventricle

A half of the brain

Hemisphere

Hemisphere responsible for artistic and creative thoughts

Right

Hemisphere responsible for language skills and speech

Left

Located at the junction of the parietal and temporal lobes; an area on which unfamiliar words are sounded out

Wernicke's Area

Wernicke's Area is located in the ____ hemisphere only.

Left

Ridges of the brain

Gyri (singular: gyrus)

Shallow grooves of the brain

Sulci (singular: sulcus)

Deep grooves of the brain (aka deep sulcus)

Fissures

Divides the cerebral hemispheres

Longitudinal fissure

Divides the frontal lobe and parietal lobe

Central sulcus

Separates the temporal lobe from parietal lobe

Lateral sulcus

A shallow groove on the sides of each hemisphere that divides the occipital lobe from the parietal lobe

Parieto-occipital sulcus

5 lobes of the brain

1. Frontal lobe 2. Occipital lobe 3. Parietal lobe 4. Temporal lobe 5. Insula (hidden)

Functional area of the occipital lobe responsible for vision

Visual area

2 functional areas of temporal lobe

1. Olfactory area | 2. Auditory association area and primary auditory cortex

Functional area of the temporal lobe dealing with smell

Olfactory area

Functional area of the temporal lobe dealing with sound/hearing analysis

Auditory association area and primary auditory cortex

"Hidden lobe"; the 5th lobe in each hemisphere that is covered by the other lobes

Insula

Outermost gray matter of cerebrum

Cerebral cortex

Found deep to the cerebral cortex; composed of fiber tracts carrying impulses to or from the cortex

Cerebral white matter

Knotlike collections of capillaries within each ventricle that form cerebrospinal fluid (which forms a watery cushion that protects the delicate brain against blows to the head; similar to plasma).

Choroid plexus

The brainstem contains the ____ and ____ ____.

Midbrain and fourth ventricle

Consists of motor and sensory fiber tracts connecting the brain with lower CNS centers; connects to the cerebellum

Pons (means "bridge")

Lowest brainstem region; composed of fiber tracts; houses many vital autonomic centers involved in the control of heart rate, respiratory rhythm, and blood pressure and involuntary centers involved in vomiting and swallowing.

Medulla oblongata

A slender canal traveling through the midbrain; it connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle

Cerebral aqueduct