Exercise & cytokines

Question 1

Define inflammation

Answer 1

A defensive process that a living body initiates against local tissue damage

Question 2

State the 3 categories of inflammation and their symptoms

Answer 2

1. Physical: Injury, heat, radiation
2. Chemical: Products of: metabolism acids, alkalis, tissue necrosis
3. Biological: Microorganisms (e.g. bacteria, virus, fungi) , immune responses

Question 3

State the 3 stages of inflammation

Answer 3

Onset
Onset resolution
Resolution

Question 4

State the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation

Answer 4

Rubor: redness
Calor: heat
Tumor: swelling
Dolor: Pain
Loss of function

Question 5

What are the 5 stages of inflammation resolution

Answer 5

1. removal of microbes(dead cells & debris)
2. restoration of vascular integrity & perfusion
3. Regeneration of tissue
4. remission of fever

5.Relief of pain

Question 6

Name the 2 key categories of biomarkers used to assess inflammation

Answer 6

1. Acute phase proteins: - increases/decreases in blood ‘acutely’ in response top inflammation
2. C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
   - Indicates the presence of inflammation in the body
   - Synthesises in the liver, helps to clear dead cells
   - Healthy young person -> blood CRP = 1.0 to 2.5 mg/L
   CRP can increase greater than 1000x in response to bacterial infection/trauma

Question 7

Definition of a cytokine

Answer 7

• Small hormones like acute phase proteins released by a variety of different cells
• Include: interleukins, interferon, growth factors

Question 8

Whatare the 4 Pro-inflammatory cytokines

Answer 8

Interleukin-6 (IL-6)

Interleukin-8(IL-8)

Tumour-necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)

Interleukin-1(IL-1)

Question 9

Physiological effect of IL-6

Answer 9

• Introduces CRP release from the liver
• Produced by immune & other non-immune cells
• Pleiotropic: affects different types of cells in different ways
• Exerts autocrine, paracrine & endocrine actions

Autocrine Action: Can act on the same cell that its secreted from

Paracrine Action: can signal/effect nearby cells

Endocrine action: cell produce IL-6 & goes into circulation & connects w/ distant cells

Question 10

Physiological effect of IL-8

Answer 10

• Chemokine: chemical that promotes chemotaxis
• Promotes moevement of an organism to a chemical stimulus

Question 11

Physiological effect of TNF-alpha

Answer 11

• Inflammation cytokine
• Produced by immune cells to ramp up localised inflammation responses

Question 12

Physiological effect of IL-1

Answer 12

• IL-1 alpha & IL-1 beta affect every cell type
• In synergy w/ TNF alpha

Question 13

Name the 2 Anti-inflammatory cytokines

Answer 13

1. IL-10
2. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA)

Question 14

Physiological effect of IL-10

Answer 14

• Released in the resolution inflammation stage
• Immunoregulatory Cytokine: Produced by extensive range of immune cells
• Regulates & supresses immune response

Question 15

Physiological effects of IL-1RA

Answer 15

• Part of interleukin 1 family
• Secreted by many different cells e.g. immune cells, epithelial cells & adipocytes
• Inhibits pro-inflammatory effects of IL-1

Question 16

What is the response of cytokines to prolonged exercise

Answer 16

Actuate spike in IL-6
- indegestion of carbs lowers IL-6

Increase in MRNA
- molecules that generate gentic info from DNA, leads to protein synthesis

Question 17

What is teh relationship between IL-6 & exercise

Answer 17

IL-6 increases in the blood the longer exercise goes on for

Il-6 only comes from the active body part

Question 18

Relationship between IL-6 & muscle glycogen

Answer 18

High level of muscle glycogen = low IL-6 release, indicating that energy status is sufficient

Low level of muscle glycogen = high IL-6 release, triggering metabolic adjustment

Question 19

Definition of Myokines

Answer 19

Produced & released by skeletal muscle cells in response to muscular contractions

Question 20

What are exerkines

Answer 20

Produced & released by skeletal muscle cells in repsonse to muscular contractions

• signalling moieties release in repsonse to acute/chronic exercise
• Come from muscles, cells & tissue
• Heart: cardiokines
• Liver: hepatokines

Question 21

How does exercise positively effect our health

Answer 21

Exercise releases different types of exerkines treat illness such as diabetes & cardiovascular diseases

Question 22

How are aging & inflammation linked

Answer 22

Aging is associated with a gradual increase in basal inflammation
- Aging = gradual increased in IL-6 at rest & an increase in CRP

Question 23

Name the 6 consequences of low grade inflammation

Answer 23

• Endocrine diseases
• Circulatory issues
• Skeletal health decreases
• Pulmonary issue
• Risk of developing Cancers
• Neurological problems