Exercise & the immune system Flashcards
(23 cards)
State the 3 line of defence
- Protective barriers: skin, mucous membranes
- Innate immunity cells : neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells
Phagocytic & cytotoxic repsonses - Adaptive immunity cells: T cells, B cells
Where to immune cells generate, what 2 types of lineage within these cells
All immune cells derive from hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow
- Myeloid lineage: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes
- Lymphoid lineage: T cells, B cells, NK cells.
State the 2 ways you can measure immune cells
- Haematology blood cell analyser
- Flow cytometry
Explain the 3 classical components of the Open Window Hypothesis
- opportunistic infection
- Salivary IgA
- Immune cells changes
What is opportunistic infection
Follows acute strenuous exercise
- Infections arise more often after acute exercise
J-shaped hypothesis: moderate exercise reduces risk vs. excessive exercise increases it
What is salivary IgA
Changes in salivary IgA in the hours after strenuous exercise
- Reduction in salivary IgA & antibodies in saliva after exercise
IgA: prevents pathogen entry
How do immune cells change after exercising
Changes in cell frequency & functional capacity in the hours after acute strenuous exercise
- reduction in the number & function of immune cells in the hours after exercise
State 6 lifestyle factors that decrease immunity in athlete
- Poor nutrition
- Training stress
- Life stress
- Poor sleep
- Environmental stress
- Long-haul travel
Describe the relationship between exercise & salivary IgA
- Saliva is a relatively non-invasive way to investigate exercise-induced changes to immunity
- IGA is the most abundant immunoglobulin (antibody) in Slavia
Principle role: inhibition of invading pathogens
What happens to IgA during exercise & after
increase in saliva IgA & hours after there is a decrease this leave an open window for infection
What happens to IgA after strenuous activity
decrease in saliva IgA, which after 24 hours returned to normal – BUT this leaves time for infection
State some factors that influence saliva IgA
- Diet
- Ethnicity
- Oral hygiene
- Medications
- Tabacco
- Psychological stress
- Menstrual cycle
- Sex differences
- Oral diseases
What is the Bi-phasic (2-stage) change to lymphocytes post acute exericse
- As a repsonse to exercise there is an increase of immune cells in the blood stream
- If the bout of exercise is strenuous enough the immune cells in the blood are lower than before exercise
- Immune cells in the blood peak during exercise and decrease in the hours after exercise
- The decrease after exercise is a window for infections
What are NK cells
Natural Killer cells (NK) increases dramatically in response to exercise but then decrease dramatically in hour post exercise
state 2 way exercise can improve our immune system
- Acute exercise triggers an inflammatory response that facilitates tissue repair, muscle regeneration, and immune system activation
- During and immediately after exercise there is an increase in the number of immune cells circulating in the blood stream. (T-CELLS)
How can you assess a human immune system
- Vaccinations
Results show that immune responses to tetanus were elevated in those who ran a marathon vs controls - Implies that exercise doesn’t impair in-vivo immune responses
Where do T cells come from and what do they leave as
- Stem cells arrive in the bone marrow
- The T cells enter the thymus and leave as naive T cells
- The more of these the better, so you can beat more pathogens
- Naïve t cells then differentiate into memory and effector T cells
What happens to niave T cells as you age
As you get older you have a lot less naïve T cells in the blood, due to thymic involution As you get older you have more memory cells, including many effector memory cells
How do differentiate between naive cells & senescent cells (older)
- If a human has a above average fitness then they have a better maintenance of Naïve t cells in ageing
- Below average people had a steeper decline in naïve t cells in ageing
- Being fit throughout life helps to preserve naïve CD8 t cells
What are CD-8 T cells
key components of the adaptive immune system specializing in directly killing cells that are infected
What are CD-4 T cells
central to immune defence, assisting in orchestrating both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses
Wat effect does aging have on the immune system
o Decline in number and function of CD-4 t cells
o Reduced ability to respond, the functional capacity of CD-4 t cells declines
o Increase in the number of CD-8 t cells- this is due to being exposed to illness throughout life
o Decline in the function of CD-8 t cells
o Senescence of CD-8 t cells
How does regular exercise effect the immune system
o Preserved function of CD-4 t cells meaning they will still be able to activate oth-er immune cells
o Better response to vaccines
o Reduced inflammation due to better function of CD-4 t cells
o Improved activity of CD8
o Increased number of CD8
o Prevention of CD8 cell senescence
