EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY UNIT 1 Flashcards by Samantha Woodson

Homeostasis

Maintenance of a constant and internal environment. Many different systems are providing a comfortable state conscious.

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Examples of homeostasis

Blood pressure
Body temperature
Heart rate
Blood glucose regulation
ion regulation
osmoregulation

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Steady state

What happens at activity
Changes and comes back
Example: heart rate at sub maximal exercise// body core temperature during prolonged submaximal exercise

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cross sectional area

Where majority of circulation is (capillaries)

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Laminar flow

The flow is slow where there is friction (vessel wall) and fast where do is no friction (blood vessell)

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Intercellular control system functions

Protein breakdown and synthesis
Adapt to current energy, the activity you do, (input and output)
Produces ATP
Maintenance of stored nutrients

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Organ systems function

replenish oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

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biological control system

Series of interconnected components that maintain a physical or chemical parameter at a near constant value
Happens in the brain
Failure of biological control system can result in diseases like type 1 diabetes

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Components of biological control system

Sensor, receptor, control system, effector

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What is the function of sensor and receptor

detects changes in variables

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what is the function of the control system

Assesses input and initiates response

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Effector

Changes internal environment back to normal
Example: Not breathing enough may result in urination.
Brings us back to homeostasis

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Negative feedback

An effect to get the initial disturbance back to normal

Most control systems work in negative feedback

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Positive feedback

Biological response increases the initial disturbance
Most control systems do not work in positive feedback
Helps system survive disturbance until something tells it to stop

Examples: Blood clotting,

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How does exercise disrupt homeostasis

By changing body’s PH, PO2, pco2

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Hormesis

Low to moderate stress results in a beneficial adaptive response on cells and organ system

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Intracrine signaling

Chemical messenger inside cells trigger a response

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Juxtacrine signaling

Chemical messenger passed between two cells

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Autocrine signaling

Chemical messenger acts on that same cell

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paracrine signaling

Chemical messenger acts on nearby cells

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Endocrine signaling

Chemical messengers releases into the blood
Cell signaling
Affects cells with specific receptor to hormones .

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Glycogen

Found in the liver
A polysaccharide composed of glucose molecules

Anaerobic pathway

Does not require oxygen
Happens inside the mitochondria
Includes oxidative phosphorylation

Aerobic pathway

Requires oxygen
happens inside the mitochondria
Includes oxidative phosphorylation

Where does glycolysis happen?

In the cytoplasm

What lowers activation needed for enzymes

HEAT

Ketone bodies

Large ACOA structures

End product of aneorobic

lactate

End product of aerobic

Pyruvate

what does atp pc system create

kinase

What does ATP inhibit

The first thing that take place in processes

Rest to exercise transition

ATP production increases immediatly and oxygen uptake increases rapidly

thyroid

stores calcium and is happening in thyroid

parathyroid

releases calcium and moves calcium from bone to blood

Hormesis

harmful stress results in a beneficial adaptive response (basically survival)

bioenergetics

metaboliasim= oxidation/ break down Turns food into energy

endergonic

Puts energy in

exergonic

puts energy out

bioenergetic

Breakdown of things and turn them into glucose

where is glycogen found

skeletal muscles and liver

trygliceride

storage form of fat in muscles and adipose tissue

oxygen deficit

lag in oxygen uptake at the beginning of exercise

beta oxidation

oxidizes fatty acids to produce A-COA IT HAPPENS IN THE MITOCHONDRIA

How does intensity and duration of exercise impact muscle glycogen and blood glucose:

When exercise intensity is high and duration is short, we rely on stored fuel (muscle glycogen)… long duration of exercise and low intesnity is involved with blood glucose

Define lipolysis

the breakdown of triglycerides and frees fatty acids

What does Growth Hormone act on with exercise and where is it released from

…. Acts on liver and adipose tissue…it is released from anterior pituitary

How does Insulin and Glucagon work to maintain blood glucose

It inhibits insulin and mobilizes fat fuels and preserves blood glucose to maintain blood glucose

EPOC

rapid(atp-cp get released and stored first) and slow rest duration (production of lactate) of oxygen

Define what a Hormone is

chemical substances that act like messenger molecules in the body. Made up of amino acids, steroids, binds to specific protein receptors

Which Thyroid hormone impacts plasma Calcium

CALCITONIN

Enzyme

increases the speed of reactions

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Fast acting hormes, increases heart rate and lypolysis