Experimental Design

Question 1

moderating variable

Answer 1

changes the intensity of a relationship

Question 2

mediating variable

Answer 2

provide a link between two variables

in between the dependent and independent variables

Question 3

cohort study

Answer 3

people are grouped based on some principle and followed overtime
longitudinal prospective analysis

Question 4

cross sectional study

Answer 4

sample a population and measure various things about them then look for correlations
snapshot of a population at a certain time
ex. opinion polls

Question 5

internal validity of a study

Answer 5

how well we can draw conclusions from the data

can we determine that this caused this

Question 6

external validity of a study

Answer 6

how well the study predicts real world outcomes

generalizability

Question 7

test validity

Answer 7

how well design tests what it intends to

Question 8

what is the concept of represnetativeness

Answer 8

choose a sample that doesn’t deviate from the overall population

Question 9

what is social desirability bias

Answer 9

tendency to reply in a way that seems more socially acceptable

Question 10

what is acquiescence bias

Answer 10

tendency to answer yes to a. question by default

Karl LOL

Question 11

longitudinal study how is it different from cross sectional

Answer 11

multiple measures are made over time - addresses the limitation of cross sectional being unable to provide info about change over time
ex. see if high blood pressure predicts heart disease later in life

Question 12

what is the relation between internal and external validity

Answer 12

as we increase the internal validity by controlling for more confounding variable the external validity decreases as things are not that controlled in real life
and vice versa

Question 13

what is construct validity

Answer 13

does our test assess the construct we have designed

ie if we want to test athletic ability does it assess that

Question 14

what is content validity

Answer 14

does it cover the full scope of content

ie testing athletic ability we need to do more than just lift weights as there are many other aspects of athletes

Question 15

what is criterion validlity

Answer 15

how well the test correlates with other well respected criterion
if our results of athletic ability don’t correlate well with performance of athletics then we have low criterion validity

Question 16

what is predictive validity

Answer 16

how well our test will predict later scores
ie. hockey camp predicts how well they will do in the NHL if they are the top player at the camp and end up being a top player in the NHL it has good predictive validity

Question 17

what is self reporting bias

Answer 17

consequence of allowing respondents choose their own answer such as social desirability bias or acquiescence bias

Question 18

how is reliability related to precision

Answer 18

both mean consistent

reliability looks at the study as a whole producing similar results

Question 19

how is accuracy related to validity

Answer 19

accuracy is the closeness to the actual value so we would expect a valid experiment to produce accurate results

Question 20

how can a study be unreliable but valid

Answer 20

the average of the inconsistent results is close to the real value
ie one sky diver lands 10 ft to the right and the other 10 ft to the left the average will be at the right spot

Question 21

difference between meta analysis and systematic review

Answer 21

A meta-analysis is a study in which previously-published data is pooled and re-analyzed.

A systematic review is a structured, critical analysis of the previously-published scientific literature on a given topic

Question 22

what type of study is looking at medical records

Answer 22

retrospective

not cross sectional because it can be tracked over time

Question 23

what is Operationalization

Answer 23

making a variable measurable

Question 24

what are the most important ethical principles to be aware of for experiments

Answer 24

need for informed consent

research involves benefits vs risks - the study must have some sort of value and scientific validity

Question 25

is it an ethical problem that harm come to the subjects

Answer 25

no this may be necessary as long as they provide consent and the results are worth the discomfort this is ok!!!