Experiments (1)

Question 1

Types of experiment

Answer 1

Laboratory, Field, Quasi

Question 2

lab strengths (3)

Answer 2

.highly controlled
.manipulate the IV
.can be replicated

Question 3

lab weaknesses (3)

Answer 3

.cant generalise to real life setting (lack of ecological validity)
.more effort/time/money
.participant may change behaviour

Question 4

field strengths (4)

Answer 4

.cheaper
,ecologically valid
.easy to get sample
.higher internal validity

Question 5

field weaknesses (3)

Answer 5

.lots of EVs
.participants may have different experiences
.hard to get consent (less ethical)
.harder to replicate

Question 6

quasi strengths

Answer 6

.high ecological validity (IV not manipulated) so true to life
.helps us study variables we cant manipulate

Question 7

quasi weaknesses (3)

Answer 7

.difficult to conduct
.cant control some participant variables
.cant be replicated

Question 8

experimental designs

Answer 8

repeated measures design
independent measures design
matched participants design

Question 9

repeated measures strengths

Answer 9

.reduces participant variables

.easier to get sample - less people

Question 10

repeated measures weaknesses

Answer 10

.order effects

.demand characteristics

Question 11

independent measures strengths

Answer 11

.no order effects

.reduced demand characteristics

Question 12

independent measures weaknesses (2)

Answer 12

.participant variables

.more effort to collect sample

Question 13

matched participants strengths (4)

Answer 13

.reduced participants variables
.no order effects
.lower chance of demand characteristics
.counterbalancing

Question 14

matched participants weaknesses

Answer 14

.more effort to find people

.cant control all EVs by matching

Question 15

participant variables

Answer 15

characteristics of an individual that may affect results e.g age, gender, experience

Question 16

situational variables

Answer 16

features of the research that may affect results e.g order effects

Question 17

environmental factors

Answer 17

factors of the environment that could affect results e.g weather

Question 18

demand characteristics

Answer 18

cues in an experiment that communicate to participants what is expected of them and may unconsciously affect behaviour

Question 19

alternative hypothesis

Answer 19

IV will affect DV

Question 20

null hypothesis

Answer 20

IV wont affect DV

Question 21

two tailed hypothesis

Answer 21

IV will have significant effect on DV, but does not say direction

Question 22

one tailed hypothesis

Answer 22

IV will have significant effect on DV, and does say direction

Question 23

sampling methods

Answer 23

self selecting
random
opportunity
snowball

Question 24

self selecting strengths (2)

Answer 24

consent

easy to get participants

Question 25

self selecting weaknesses (2)

Answer 25

not everyone may see advert could be expensive participant variables - all same type of person

Question 26

random strengths (3)

Answer 26

no researcher bias more likely to be generalisable equal chance to be picked

Question 27

random weaknesses (2)

Answer 27

equal chance to be picked could lead to anomalies | may have unwilling participants

Question 28

opportunity strengths (2)

Answer 28

convenient (easy to obtain) | consent

Question 29

opportunity weaknesses (2)

Answer 29

unrepresentative | researcher bias

Question 30

snowball strengths (1)

Answer 30

easy to obtain

Question 31

snowball weaknesses (2)

Answer 31

participant variables | cant generalise

Question 32

ethical considerations (7)

Answer 32

``` informed consent (respect) right to withdraw (respect) confidentiality (respect) protection from harm (responsibility) debrief (responsibility) deception (integrity) only give relevant info (competence) ```

Question 33

primary data

Answer 33

collecting data directly ourselves

Question 34

secondary data

Answer 34

analyse already existing data

Question 35

quantitative strengths (4)

Answer 35

easy to interpret no researcher bias easy to compare establish reliability

Question 36

quantitative weaknesses (2)

Answer 36

no reasoning | low ecological validity - may not represent everyday behaviour

Question 37

qualitative strengths (2)

Answer 37

detailed | shows reasoning

Question 38

qualitative weaknesses (3)

Answer 38

hard to compare cant present in a graph/table hard to analyse

Question 39

measures of dispersion methods

Answer 39

range variance standard deviation

Question 40

variance

Answer 40

score - mean score (d) d squared divide sum of d squared numbers by n-1

Question 41

standard deviation

Answer 41

square root of the variance

Question 42

single blind

Answer 42

participant doesn't know true aims of study

Question 43

double blind

Answer 43

participant and researcher don't know true aims of study

Question 44

internal reliability

Answer 44

was it standardised and replicable

Question 45

external reliability

Answer 45

was sample large enough to be consistent?

Question 46

internal validity

Answer 46

was it testing what it set out to?

Question 47

external validity (population)

Answer 47

can the sample be generalised from?

Question 48

external validity (ecological)

Answer 48

was it true to life?

Question 49

longitudinal study strengths (3)

Answer 49

.controls participant variables .measures change over time .highly valid (population)

Question 50

longitudinal study weaknesses (4)

Answer 50

.cant control some EV's e.g upbringing .time consuming .drop out - need large sample .expensive

Question 51

cross cultural research strengths

Answer 51

.less ethnocentric .investigates nature vs nurture .generalise to larger population

Question 52

cross cultural research weaknesses

Answer 52

.time consuming .language barrier .expensive .more effort

Question 53

ethical considerations - respect

Answer 53

informed consent right to withdraw confidentiality

Question 54

ethical considerations - responsibility

Answer 54

debrief | protection from harm

Question 55

ethical considerations - integrity

Answer 55

deception

Question 56

ethical considerations - competence

Answer 56

only give relevant information