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unit 1 psychology > Experiments Pack > Flashcards

Experiments Pack Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a laboratory experiment

A

This is where the IV is manipulated by the researcher and the experiment is carried out in a laboratory or other contrived setting away from the participants environment

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2
Q

What is a field experiment

A

The IV is manipulated by the researcher but this the experiment is carried out using participants in their normal surroundings

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3
Q

what is a quasi experiment

A

The IV is naturally occuring e.g weather

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4
Q

what are advantages of lab experiments

A

easily replicable
reliable
controlled extraneous variables

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5
Q

what are the disadvantages of a lab experiment

A

lacks ecological validity
higher chance of demand charecteristics

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6
Q

what are the advantages of a field experiment

A

strong in ecological validity
lesser chance of demand charecteristic

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7
Q

what are the disadvantages of a field experiment

A

cant control environment
harder to repeat
hard to control extraneous variables

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8
Q

what are the advantages of a quasi experiment

A

strong ecological validity

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9
Q

what are the disadvantages of a quasi experiment

A

not easily replicable
cannot control the IV

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10
Q

what is an experimental condition

A

this experiences the change ir manipulation

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11
Q

what is a control condition

A

this experiences no change or manipulation

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12
Q

what is an independant variable

A

This is the variable that is changed during an experiment

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13
Q

what is a dependant variable

A

This is what you are measuring in an experiment

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14
Q

what is a control variable

A

this is a variable that is kept the same when you do the experiment

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15
Q

what are the three different types of experimental design

A

repeated measures design
independant measures design
matched participants design

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16
Q

what is the repeated measures design

A

This involves using the same people in each condition

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17
Q

what is the independent measures design

A

This involves using different people in each condition

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18
Q

what is the matched participants design

A

This involves using different people in each condition but an attempt is made to make the participants as similair as possible on certain key charecterisitics

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19
Q

what are the advantages of repeated measures design

A

particicpant variables

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20
Q

what are the disadvantages of repeated measures design

A

demand charecteristocs may be common
order effects

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21
Q

what are the advantages of independent measures design

A

order effects

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22
Q

what are the disadvantages of independent measures design

A

participant variables

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23
Q

what are the advantages of matched participants design

A

less chance of demand charecteristics
no order effects

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24
Q

what are the disadvantages of matched participants design

A

participant variables
time consuming
high effort

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25
what are extraneous variables
any variable not being investigated that may have an effect on the results of the research.( construct validity )
26
what are the four extraneous variables
order effects environmental variables participant variables demand charecteristics
27
what are order effects
when the results are affected by the repitition of a task and not the IV likely to be a problem for repeated measures design
28
what are environmental variables
when the results are influenced by the environment they are in and not the IV most common in a field experiment as the environment cannot be controlled
29
what are participant variables
when the results are influenced by the individual charecteristics of a participant and not the IV Most common in individual design as using different participants for each condition
30
what are demand charecteristics
when the participants do not act naturally as they know the aim of the study most common in a lab experiment and repeated measures design
31
what is an alternative hypothesis
this predicts how one variable is likely to affect another variable. an alternative hypothesis always predicts that the IV WILL effect the DV
32
what is a null hypothesis
predicts that their will be NO EFFECT
33
What is a two tailed hypothesis
A hypothesis where they make no decision on which way the IV will affect they DV they just say it will effect it
34
what is a one tailed hypothesis
this predicts he way in which the IV will effect the dv e.g the biv will sinificantly improve this
35
what is operationalisation
this refers to the process of making variables physically measurable or testable.For example creating a measure for happiness
36
what is the target population
the group of people the researcher is interested in studying
37
what is a sample
the actual group of participants used in the research
38
what are the four different types of sampling
self selecting opportunity random snowball
39
what is self selecting sampling
This is when people volunteer to take place in a study
40
what is opportunity sampling
a sample of participants produced by selecting those who are most readily available ata a given time and place
41
what is random sampling
a technique in which each member of the target population has a equal chance of being selected
42
what is snowball sampling
when participants are asked to contact their friends and family to also take part in the research. they in turn then ask other people
43
what are the advantages of self selecting sampling
participants are willing to take part in the research avoids researcher bias
44
what are the disadvantages of self selecting sampling
may be demand charecteristics not as generalisable as only people that want to take part in the study confident/ extroverts
45
what are the advantages of opportunity sampling
more convenient easy quick
46
what are the disadvantages of opportunity sampling
more ethnocentric as only in one place not generalsiable
47
what are the advantages of random sampling
representative of population no researcher bias
48
what are the disadvantages of random sampling
participants may not be willing to take part in the study
49
what are the advantages of snowball sampling
easy to get participants large sample size
50
what are the disadvantages of snowball sampling
not generalisable as all friends and family so similar characteristics
51
what are the 4 ethical considerations
respect competence responsibility integrity
52
what is qualitative data
data that is NOT represented by numbers
53
what is quantitative data
data that IS represented by numbers
54
what are the positives of quantitative data
easily comparable easily analysed easy to plot into graphs
55
what are the negatives of quantitative data
their is no reason for why the data is like that
56
what are the positives of qualitative data
specific data explains reasons for results
57
what are the negatives of qualitative data
hard to compare hard to plot into graphs
58
what are the three measures off central tendency
mean median mode
59
how do you calculate the mean
+ up all the numbers divide by how many different numbers there are
60
how do you calculate the median
place numbers in order of smallest to largest the median is the middle value
61
how do you calculate the mode
it is the most common value in a set of results whichever value appeared most in the results
62
what are the advantages of the mean
all data is included no data is missing
63
what are the disadvantages off the mean
outlier sores can skew the results to not reflect most participants
64
what are the advantages of the median
not affected by outlier scores
65
what are the disadvantages of the median
doesn't take into account all of the data
66
what are the advantages of the mode
mode can be used for non numerical data
67
what are the disadvantages of the mode
impossible to calculate if all data is different
68
what are the three measures of dispersion
range variance standard deviation
69
how do you calculate the range
subtract the smallest value from the largest value
70
how do you calculate the variance
- for each condition calculate the mean score - within each condition you then subtract the mean off of each participants score. This gives you the 'd' (the difference) - you then square each d score - you then add all the d squared scores together -divide the value ion all added together by n-1 meaning the number of different values subtract one
71
how do you calculate the standard deviation
square root the variance
72
what are the advantages of the range
quick easy to calculate
73
what are the disadvantages of the range
skewed by outlier scores. for example the anomalous scores are likely to be either the top or bottom value and that hugely affects the range
74
what are the advantages of the variance
takes into account all of the data less affected by outlier scores
75
what are the disadvantages of the variance
only takes into account squared values and therefore not the original units of the data
76
what are the advantages of the standard deviation
takes into account all of the data brings values back to normal values
77
what are the disadvantages of standard deviation
time consuming difficult to calculate
78
what is a single blind trial
the patients do not know which study group they are in however research her do know which groups people are in
79
what is a double blind trial
where the researchers and the participants don't know which experimental condition they are in. for example the participants and the researcher wouldn't know who is taking a placebo
80
what is researcher bias
when the researchers beliefs or expectations influence the research design or data collection process
81
what are researcher effects
when a researcher unintentionally or unconsciously influences the outcome of any research they are conducting
82
what s a raw data table in psychology
data that has been collected by researchers but has not yet been processed or analysed

unit 1 psychology (6 decks)

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