Explanations For Forgetting Retreival Failure Flashcards
(12 cards)
Retrieval failure evaluation (AO3)
P:one strength of retrieval failure is that it explains the effects of interference
E:evidence for this is that Tulving and Psotka (1971).it was shown that in a cued recall situation we can access the memory more than if we didn’t have cues
E;this how’s that the theory is reliable as it shows that with cues you can recall more information than without cues
A01 of retrieval failure
Retrieval failure: When the necessary cues to access memories aren’t present
↳ memory is available but not accessible unless the necessary cues are present
The encoding specificity principle by tulving is that memory is most effective If the cue to help us remember
information is present at encoding and is available at the time of recall
-Context Dependent forgetting)Deep sea diver)by Baddeley et al did an experiment or land and underwater where
they recalled in the environment of learning or the opposing one. They found that recall was higher in the environment
of learning such as learning underwater and recelling underwater Viceversa. This shows that context plays a role in
remembering and recalling is best performed In the same environment as learnt.
-State Dependent forgetting is recall is high at the same physical or psychological state at encoding and retrieval
by Goodwin et al Is by asking male pps to learn a list of words either drunk or sober. 24 hours later they were asked
to recall the lists of words either in their original state at the time of learning or the opposing state
What is retrieval failure?
Retrieval failure occurs when the necessary cues to access memories aren’t present.
Memory is available but not accessible unless the necessary cues are present.
What is the encoding specificity principle?
The encoding specificity principle, proposed by Tulving, states that memory is most effective if the cue to help us remember information is present at encoding and available at the time of recall.
What is context-dependent forgetting?
Context-dependent forgetting refers to the phenomenon where recall is higher in the environment where learning occurred.
Baddeley et al did an experiment on land and underwater where
they recalled in the environment of learning or the opposing one. They found that recall was higher in the environment
of learning such as learning underwater and recelling underwater and Vice versa. This shows that context plays a role in
remembering and recalling is best performed In the same environment as learnt.
What is state-dependent forgetting?
State-dependent forgetting occurs when recall is higher at the same physical or psychological state at encoding and retrieval.
Goodwin et al asked male participants to learn a list of words either drunk or sober . 24 hours later they were asked
to recall the lists of words either in their original state at the time of learning or the opposing state
Results of Goodwin et al state dependent study
Learnt words -Recall words (24 hours later)
sober -sober or drunk
Drunk -drunk or sober
There was 2 Conditions :
sober sober 80% recall
sober drunk
drunk drunk 70% recall
drunk sober
This shows that highest recall was when they are in the same state/condition
Study example
pps-48 words to remember -> 12 categories
e. g fruit -Apple, fruit -Orange
Recall conditions
Free recall - 40%words remember on average
Cued recall-60 %words remembered on average
↳ e.g fruit given for them to recall
What does research support indicate about recall in deep sea divers?
Recall is higher in participants when the learning environment matches the recall environment. For example, if the list is learned underwater, it is recalled better underwater.
This shows the role that context-dependent forgetting plays and how we can’t access information in the absence of cues.
What is a weakness of retrieval cues?
Retrieval cues don’t always work; we often forget things even when cues are present. For example, complex associations may not be easily triggered by a single cue.
This suggests that retrieval cues cannot explain all types of learning or forgetting, which lacks validity.
What are useful applications of context reinstatement?
In Cognitive Interviewing (CI), context reinstatement encourages witnesses to mentally return to the crime scene, helping them access forgotten information due to retrieval failure more easily.
This shows how retrieval failure has practical value and can improve eyewitness testimony through CI.
What is a problem with the Encoding Specificity Principle (ESP)?
ESP cannot be tested and is based on assumptions, leading to cyclical reasoning. This implies there is no way to independently establish whether differences between encoding and recall cause retrieval failure, questioning internal validity.
