export_circulatory parasites

Question 1

Organism that causes African sleeping sickness

Answer 1

Trypanosoma brucei

Question 2

Vector for Trypanosoma brucei

Answer 2

Tsetse fly

Question 3

Early stage of sleeping sickness

Answer 3

Organisms in blood and peripheral lymph nodes

Fever, myalgia, chills, lymphadenopathy

Question 4

Late stage of sleeping sickness

Answer 4

Invasion of CNS

Headaches, seizures, tremors, encephalitis, coma, death

Question 5

Diagnose sleeping sickness

Answer 5

Detection of parasites in blood smears, lymph node aspirates, or CSF

Question 6

Trypanosoma brucei immune evasion

Answer 6

Ag variation

Question 7

Organism that causes Chagas’ disease

Answer 7

Trypanosoma cruzi

Question 8

Vector for Trypanosoma cruzi

Answer 8

Reduvid bug

Transmitted by fecal material

Question 9

First sign of Chagas’ disease

Answer 9

Romana’s sign - development of chagoma

Question 10

Acute phase of Chagas’ disease

Answer 10

Fever, malaise, myalgia, hepatosplenomegaly

Question 11

Indeterminate (asymptomatic) phase of Chagas’ disease

Answer 11

Few parasites in blood, but high level of Ab

Question 12

Chronic stage of Chagas’ disease

Answer 12

Infection of cardiac muscle/myenteric plexus

Cardiac and GI involvement

Question 13

Diagnose Chagas’ disease

Answer 13

Parasites in peripheral blood (acute)

Serology (chronic)

Question 14

Organisms that cause visceral Leishmaniasis

Answer 14

L. donovani
L. infantum

L. chagasi

Question 15

Vector for Leishmaniasis

Answer 15

Female sand flies

Question 16

Visceral Leishmaniasis disseminates in which system?

Answer 16

Reticuloendothelial (liver, spleen, bone marrow, etc.)

Question 17

Initial presentation of Leishmaniasis

Answer 17

Low grade, irregular fever

Most infections are asymptomatic and resolve

Question 18

Symptoms of full-blown Leishmaniasis

Answer 18

Fever, weight loss, hepatosplenomegaly

Systemic immunosuppression, opportunistic infections

Question 19

What does resolution of Leishmaniasis depend on, and why?

Answer 19

CMI via gamma-IFN activation of macrophages, because only intracellular forms of the pathogen (amastigotes) are found in infected individuals

Question 20

Organisms causing malaria

Answer 20

Plasmodium spp.

Question 21

What four spp. of Plasmodium cause malaria in humans?

Answer 21

P. falciparum
P. vivax

P. malariae

P. ovale

First two are most common

Question 22

Vector for malaria transmission

Answer 22

Mosquitos

Question 23

Characteristic clinical feature of malaria

Answer 23

Malarial paroxysm - release of merozoites and hemolysis

Flu-like symptoms

Question 24

Duration and pattern of paroxysm based on organism (malaria)

Answer 24

P. vivax, ovale, and falciparum - 48 hours

P. malariae - 72 hours

Question 25

Three stages of malaria

Answer 25

``` Cold stage (15-60 mins) Hot stage (2-6 hours) ``` Sweat stage (8-12 hours)

Question 26

Most common complication of malaria

Answer 26

Anemia | RBC lysis, suppression of erythropoiesis, destruction of RBCs by spleen

Question 27

Targets of each malaria organism

Answer 27

P. falciparum - both young and mature RBCs P. vivax - young RBCs, must bear Duffy Ag P. ovale - young RBCs, Duffy positive or negative P. malariae - older RBCs

Question 28

Which malaria organism causes the most severe anemia?

Answer 28

P. falciparum

Question 29

Which malaria organisms can remain dormant in the liver for years?

Answer 29

P. vivax | P. ovale

Question 30

Diagnose malaria

Answer 30

Clinical syndrome Travel Hx Blood smear for parasites

Question 31

Characteristic feature of P. falciparum

Answer 31

"Purple banana"

Question 32

Organisms causing babesiosis

Answer 32

Babesia spp.

Question 33

Vector for Babesia spp. transmission

Answer 33

Ticks

Question 34

Characteristic feature of babesia infection

Answer 34

"Maltese cross"

Question 35

Babesiosis symptoms

Answer 35

Most infections are asymptomatic | Fever, chills, myalgia, hemolytic anemia

Question 36

Organisms causing filariasis

Answer 36

Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi (nematodes)

Question 37

Vector for filariasis transmission

Answer 37

Mosquitoes

Question 38

Symptoms of filariasis

Answer 38

Many are asymptomatic Acute infection begins with fever, chills, and lymphadenitis Only small percentage develop "elephantiasis"

Question 39

Diagnose filariasis

Answer 39

Observation of microfilariae in blood smears

Question 40

Treatment for filariasis

Answer 40

DEC kills microfilariae and damages adults | Steroids counteract allergic response to dying worms

Question 41

Organisms causing schistosomiasis

Answer 41

Schistosoma spp.

Question 42

Different species that cause schistosomiasis and where they infect

Answer 42

S. mansoni - venous plexus of L.I. S. japonicum - venous plexus of S.I. S. haematobium - venous plexus of bladder

Question 43

Diagose schistosomiasis

Answer 43

Eggs in feces or urine

Question 44

Intracellular stage for sleeping sickness

Answer 44

None

Question 45

Intracellular stage for Chagas' disease

Answer 45

Skeletal and cardiac muscle cells

Question 46

Intracellular stage for Leishmaniasis

Answer 46

Macrophages

Question 47

Intracellular stage for malaria

Answer 47

RBCs, hepatocytes

Question 48

Intracellular stage for babesiosis

Answer 48

RBCs