export_cns zoonotic viruses

Question 1

Zoonoses

Answer 1

Diseases of invertebrate animals that can be transmitted to man

Question 2

Arboviral disease

Answer 2

Involves an insect vector for transmission

Question 3

Arbovirus examples

Answer 3

Flaviviruses - West Nile, St. Louis and Japanese encephalitis
Togaviruses - Eastern, Western, Venezuelan equine encephalitis

Bunyaviruses - LaCrosse encephalitis

Question 4

Viruses transmitted to humans directly from other mammals

Answer 4

Rhabdoviruses - rabies

Arenaviruses - lymphocytic choriomeningitis

Question 5

Flaviviruses transmission

Answer 5

All by mosquitos

Question 6

West Nile Virus (WNV) reservoirs

Answer 6

Birds serve as reservoirs

Question 7

WNV symptoms

Answer 7

Most infections are mild and clinically unapparent
Some develop West Nile fever (3-6 days of symptoms)

Sudden onset of febrile illness (malaise, nausea, vomiting, rash)

Question 8

WNV in the CNS

Answer 8

Primarily affect elderly
Encephalitis and meningitis

Fever, headache, weakness, GI disturbances, may progress to coma and paralysis

Question 9

Diagnose WNV

Answer 9

Adults >50 years old who suddenly develop encephalitis or meningitis in summer/early fall

Question 10

WNV treatment

Answer 10

Supportive

Question 11

St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLE) disease

Answer 11

Major cause of arbovirus encephalitis

Question 12

SLE transmission

Answer 12

Birds are reservoir

Humans get it from Culex mosquitoes

Question 13

SLE symptoms

Answer 13

Sudden onset
Fever with headache (mild)

Headaches, high fever, stiff neck, coma, tremors, spastic paralysis (severe)

Question 14

SLE diagnosis

Answer 14

Confirmed via serology

Question 15

SLE treatment

Answer 15

Supportive

Question 16

Japanese encephalitis virus disease

Answer 16

Leading cause of viral encephalitis in Asia

Birds and livestock are reservoirs

Question 17

Togaviruses transmission

Answer 17

Horses are a major reservoir

Transmitted via mosquito bite

Question 18

Togaviruses diseases

Answer 18

Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE)
Western equine encephalitis (WEE)

Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE)

Question 19

EEE symptoms

Answer 19

Sudden onset of fever, muscle pain, and headache

Many progress to seizures/coma

Question 20

WEE symptoms

Answer 20

Most people are asymptomatic or mild

May have sudden onset fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, malaise

Question 21

VEE symptoms

Answer 21

Most infections are symptomatic

Fever, chills, headache, nausea, vomiting, may progress to encephalitis

Question 22

LaCrosse encephalitis (LAC) virus transmission

Answer 22

Arbovirus

Transmitted by the bite of infected mosquitoes

Question 23

LAC symptoms

Answer 23

Fever, headache, nausea, vomiting

Severe disease can lead to seizures, coma, paralysis

Question 24

Rhabdovirus transmission

Answer 24

Through infected saliva via bites (dogs, bats)

Question 25

Rabies lifecycle

Answer 25

Inoculation, local proliferation, enters PNS, travels to CNS, dissemination

Question 26

Rabies symptoms

Answer 26

During cerebral infection, behavioral changes occur (anxiety, confusion, agitation, hallucination) Hydrophobia is a classic sign Coma and death

Question 27

Rabies prevention

Answer 27

Vaccination of animals and high risk individuals

Question 28

Rabies diagnosis

Answer 28

Disease in animals can be confirmed post-mortem by the presence of Negri bodies

Question 29

Arenavirus CNS disease

Answer 29

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)

Question 30

LCMV reservoirs

Answer 30

Rodent-borne virus

Question 31

LCMV symptoms

Answer 31

Most infections are asymptomatic or produce a mild febrile illness Can cause aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, or meningoencephalitis

Question 32

LCMV transmission

Answer 32

Inhaling infectious aerosolized particles of rodent urine, feces, or saliva Most common is the common house mouse

Question 33

LCMV symptoms

Answer 33

Febrile illness Biphasic - 1 week of fever, malaise, headache, nausea, vomiting, remission for a few days, then second phase of disease (meningitis or encephalitis)

Question 34

Prions diseases

Answer 34

Slow developing neurodegenerative diseases, thought to be caused by a family of viruses known as "slow viruses"

Question 35

Human spongiform encephalopathis

Answer 35

Kuru CJD GSS FFI

Question 36

Prion features

Answer 36

Lack nucleic acid | Consists of protease, heat and chemically resistant hydrophobic glycoprotein (PrP)

Question 37

PrPc

Answer 37

Normal cellular prion-related protein | Extended conformation containing numerous alpha-helices

Question 38

PrPSc

Answer 38

Infectious form of PrPc | Globular conformation with beta-pleated sheets

Question 39

Theory for Prion replication

Answer 39

PrPSc binds to PrPc on cell surface Induces conversion to PrPSc Cycle repeats Aggregates form, internalized by neurons

Question 40

Symptoms of Prion infiltration to CNS

Answer 40

Neuronal vacuolization Astrocyte and glial cell proliferation Amyloid plaques

Question 41

Prions clincal syndromes

Answer 41

Slow, progressive neurological degeneration Very long incubation period Death ensues rapidly (months)

Question 42

Prion diagnosis

Answer 42

Postmortem histological examination