EXSC 480 Exam 1 Flashcards
(91 cards)
1
Q
Thrifty gene theory
A
People who possessed the ability to survive famine were favored and passed their genes to future generations
Gut microbes can affect what the body desires
2
Q
Evidence of obesity prior to now
A
Statues, or art that shows obesity
transcripts/documents mentioning the negative effects of obestiy
3
Q
Peer reviewed articles
A
articles that are read and analyzed by experts in the field
removes lurking variables as best as possible
4
Q
Independent variable
A
explanatory, thing being manipulated, group/condition
5
Q
Dependent variable
A
outcome or results of study
6
Q
Lurking variables
A
identify, measure, and control for their variance through groups
7
Q
Hypothesis generating studies
A
creates a hypothesis or possible correlation from data
ecological, case reports, cross-sectional, case-control, cohort
8
Q
Ecological study
A
unit of observation is a group
9
Q
Case reports
A
descriptive, one individual
10
Q
Cross-sectional
A
type of observational,
measures outcome and exposures in study participants at the same time
11
Q
Case-control
A
odds ratio of developing something
12
Q
Cohort
A
relative risks. how many risks developed over time
13
Q
Interventional
A
randomized-controlled clinical trials
14
Q
Hypothesis testing
A
takes an idea and study if it’s possible, randomized controlled trial
15
Q
Correlation
A
extent that 2 variables vary with each other
closer to 1 or -1, stronger the correlation
16
Q
mean
A
average
17
Q
mode
A
most common data point
18
Q
median
A
middle set of numbers
19
Q
normal weight
A
18.5 - 24.9
20
Q
overweight
A
25.0-29.9
21
Q
obesity class 1
A
30-34.9
22
Q
obesity class 2
A
35.0 - 39.9
23
Q
obesity class 3
A
greater than 40
24
Q
obesity definition
A
excess fat that causes adverse effects to the person
25
BMI w/kg and meters
weight divided by height, squared
26
BMI w/lbs and inches
weight divided by height, squared. multiply by 704.5
27
False Positive BMI
someone with high muscle and low body fat
28
False Negative BMI
someone with low body weight, but high amounts of fat
29
Specificity
true negative/TN + FP
30
Sensitivity
true positive/TP + FN
31
Overweight adults worldwide
35-45% (39%)
32
Obese adults wordlwide
13%
33
since 1975, obesity has____
tripled
34
over the last 50 years, US obesity prevalence has ___
increased between 2 and 3 fold (200-300%)
35
over the last 50 years, US extreme obesity prevalence has ___
increased nearly 7-fold (700%)
36
Obese adults in US
35-45% (39%)
37
in the past 20 years Prevalence of severe obesity has
doubled
38
over the past 20 years, prevalence of obesity
has increased by 39%
39
Who has the highest prevalence of obesity?
Black women
40
Who has the highest prevalence of obesity among ment?
Asian men
41
what age has the highest prevalence of obesity?
40-59
42
Women vs Males obesity
Women = highest for obesity
Men = highest for overweight
43
Youth prevalence of obesity is
half the prevalence of adults
44
Brown adipose tissue
high mitochondrial density
may explain resting metabolic rate
found in small mammals and newborn infants
dissipates chemical energy as heat via high levels of uncoupling protein 1
45
Beige Fat
appears within subcutaneous WAT
potential target for intervention in obesity
uncoupling proteins can be expressed by cold stress
46
White fat
most abundant in humans
subcutaneous
few mitochondria and low oxidation rate
protects organs
visceral = harmful
47
Intestinal Lipase
lipid storage
| breaks down triglyceride inside a tissue into FFA
48
Chylomicrons
lipid storage
Fat is stored wtihin it as it moves through the bloodstream
49
Lipoprotein lipase
breaks fat back down into FFA again, within the bloodstream
50
Adipogensis in overnutrition
Pre-cells become fat cells, regulated by PPARy
More PPARy means more fat. But, less PPARy means that fat is stored within organs or muscles, leading to insulin resistance
Increasing PPARy increase the amount of fat cells, instead of increasing the size of fat cells
51
Conditions associated with obesity
```
coronary heart disease
pulmonary disease
fatty liver disease
gall bladder disease
gynecologic disease
osteoarthritis
gout
phlebitis
cancer
pancreatitis
diabetes, hypertension
dyslipidemia
cataracts
stroke
hypertension of the brain
```
52
healthy individual that is overweight
moderate or no alcohol intake
not smoking
30 minutes of exercise
eating 5+ servings of veggies and fruit daily
younger
53
People who are obese can still have
normal liver function
lower inflammatory activity
normal lipid profile
insulin sensitivity
54
Metabolic syndrome
must have three of these five:
```
central obesity
high blood pressure
high triglycerides
low HDL chlosterol
insulin resistance
```
55
Blood glucose
greater than 100
56
Dyslipidemia levels
Triglycerides, greater than 150 mg/dl or 1.69 mmol/L
57
HDL Levels
Men = less than 40 mg/dl or 1.03 mmol/L
Women = less than 50 mg/dl or 1.29 mmol/L
58
Blood pressure
greater than 130/80
59
Central obesity measurements
Men > 102cm
Women >88 cm
60
Low fitness and CVD
obese men had almost 3-fold higher CVD mortality risk
LOW FITNESS was as strong or stronger of CVD predictor
61
% body fat and weight change ______
are NOT indepent predictors of CVD mortality
62
CVD risk is better predicted with
waist circumference within each BMI category (not on it's own)
63
Weakness of Fitness vs Fatness
issues with self-reported data
it's hard to create a criteria for what is fit vs fat
64
What assessments of fitness and adiposity would need to be used to create a good head to head comparison of CVD risk?
fitness max VO2 test
imaging for adiposity
Weight circumference is good but doesn't show fitness or total fat
65
Fats that lead to CVD
visceral, epicardial, liver, muscle
66
Heritability estimates
50 to 70% for obesity genes
67
Twins studies
Only 18 have been discordant, which shows that the lean twins had to work really hard to lose weight
68
Lack of physical activity...
in adolescence strongly predicts obesity
69
Prader-Willi Syndrome
plasma ghrelin 4.5x higher than obese children
they continue to seek for food or are always hungry
70
Congenital Leptin deficiency
increasing leptin levels helps people to lose weight
71
POMC
impaired signaling within the hypothalamus, ACTH deficiency
72
annual cost of obesity for the US
$149 billion
73
annual cost of obesity per person
about $2000
74
Direct costs of obesity
doctor's visits, surgeries, lab, medications
75
Indirect costs
loss of work, insurance, decrease in wages, loss of productivity
76
Personal costs
quality of life, personal dissatisfaction, decreased functional capability, greater chance of comorbidities
77
Lower quality of life
discrimination, education, income, decreased chance of marriage
higher absenteeism/dropout rates
higher stress (cause and consequence)
physical function decrease
self-esteem
public distress
78
Quality of life decreases b/c
mental and physical health decreases
but, mental health increases over time as age increased
physical health decreases over time
79
Weight loss improves QOFL
```
mood
productivity
joint pain
low back pain
self-confidence
mental activity
energy level
mobility
```
*increased after surgery, but slightly decreased with time
80
People who were severely obese and have loss weight would rather ____ before gaining back weight
be blind, deaf, dyslexic, diabetic, an amputee
would lose millions of dollars
81
Negative attitudes towards people with obesity
has increased by 66%
children, health care professionals, peers, employers
82
Girls tactics for bullying obese individuals
threatening
manipulating
controlling
rumors
83
Boys tactics for bulling obese individuals
physical harm
| verbal abuse
84
Negative consequences of being overweight during youth
```
peer discrimination
low self-esteem
symptoms of depression, anxiety, loneliness, sadness
not fitting in
rejection
bullied
negative stigmas
```
85
Using weight stigma
increases weight and waist circumference
odds of remaining obese did not differ
odds of becoming obese increases with weight stigma
86
Obesity has the strongest correlation with
body dissatisfaction
87
weight stigma can cause
bad eating habits
overeating
increases CVD risks
88
Perception of obesity
causes increased risk with psychological distress (more than actual weight)
89
Men and perception
men often choose body types that have more muscle as their ideal body
90
Black women and perception
heavier cultural ideal protects them from eating disorders
29% of black women did not consider their weight to be a problem
all were dissatisfied with their weight, but 44% found themselves attractive
91
Hispanic women and perception
Emigrated before age of 17 or born in US have same levels of dissatisfaction as white women
Women born outside of the country had less body dissatisfaction and chose larger silhouettes as ideal body
