extra biochem Q's (midterm) Flashcards by geeky medical

Which of the following histone proteins doesn’t participate in forming an octamer protein complex?

a. H1
b. H2A
c. H2B
d. H3
e. H4

a. H1

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Which of the following is the function of H1 histone protein?

a. 10-bp linker nucleotide stabilization
b. 30-bp linker nucleotide stabilization
c. 50-bp linker nucleotide stabilization

b. 30-bp linker nucleotide stabilization

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Which of the following required cooling?

a. denaturation
b. melting temperature
c. renaturation

c. renaturation

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In which of the following is half of the DNA denatured?

a. denaturation
b. melting temperature
c. renaturation

b. melting temperature

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Which of the following has a higher melting temperature?

a. G-C rich DNA
b. A-T rich DNA

a. G-C rich DNA

because the G-C bond has 3 hydrogen bonds unlike the A-T which have two

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What’s true about prokaryotic gene?

a. they don’t have a promoter region
b. they don’t have introns

b. they don’t have introns

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What percent of the human genome is repetitive sequences?

a. 33%
b. 47%
c. 53%

b. 47%

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Which best describes Alu elements?

a. promote gene inactivation
b. promote gene activation

a. promote gene inactivation

they do this by inserting themselves in or near genes

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Where do Alu elements belong?

a. LINEs
b. SINEs
c. LTR
d. Satelight DNA

b. SINEs

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Which of the following does the DnaA protein bind to so it can separate the DNA?

a. replication fork
b. satellite region
c. origin of replication

c. origin of replication

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What best describes the origin of replication?

a. recognized by helicase
b. has A-T rich sequences
c. needs cool temperature to open

b. has A-T rich sequences

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Which of the following is the function of single stranded binding proteins?

a. protects DNA from nuclease degradation
b. helps keep the two DNA strands separate
c. both
d. neither

c. both

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What is FALSE about helicase?

a. binds to origin of replication
b. breaks hydrogen bonds
c. uses ATP for energy

a. binds to origin of replication

it binds to the replication fork created by DNA A

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Which of the following relaxes the supercoiled DNA?

a. helicase
b. topoisomerase
c. DNA polymerase III
d. primase

b. topoisomerase

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Which of the following is a holoenzyme?

a. helicase
b. topoisomerase
c. DNA polymerase III
d. primase

c. DNA polymerase III

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Which of the following is the acceptor site of RNA primer?

a. 5-OH
b. 3-OH
c. 3’-OH
d. 5’-OH

c. 3’-OH

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Which characterizes the lagging strand?

a. goes in the 3->5 direction
b. needs one RNA primer
c. synthesized in the direction towards the replication fork
d. synthesized in the direction opposite to the replication fork

d. synthesized in the direction opposite to the replication fork

(its made in the 5’->3’ direction by using many RNA primers)

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Which of the following DNA polymerase III subunit proofreads?

a. α subunit
b. θ subunit
c. ε subunit

c. ε subunit

proofreads in the 3’->5’ direction

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Which of the following fills in the DNA gap made by the RNA primer in the prokaryotic cell?

a. DNA polymerase I
b. DNA ligase
c. polymerase ε
d. exonuclease

a. DNA polymerase I

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Which of the following fills in the DNA gap made by the RNA primer in the eukaryotic cell?

a. DNA polymerase I
b. DNA ligase
c. polymerase ε
d. exonuclease

c. polymerase ε

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What’s true about telomerase?

a. acts as RNA primer
b. acts as a reverse transcriptase
c. active in all cells

b. acts as a reverse transcriptase

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What exonuclease activity does the prokaryotic DNA Polymerase I have?

a. 5’->3’
b. 3’->5’
c. both

c. both

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What exonuclease activity does the prokaryotic DNA Polymerase III have?

a. 5’->3’
b. 3’->5’
c. both

b. 3’->5’

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Didanosine is an analog of

a. Guanosine
b. Adenosine
c. Thymidine
d. Adenine

b. Adenosine

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Zidovudine is an analog of a. Guanosine b. Adenosine c. Thymidine d. Adenine

c. Thymidine | Zidovudine= Azidothymidine

Camptothecin (CPT) inhibits which of the following? a. ligase b. topoisomerase I c. topoisomerase II d. DNA polymerase

b. topoisomerase I

Etoposide inhibits which of the following? a. ligase b. topoisomerase I c. topoisomerase II d. DNA polymerase

c. topoisomerase II

Depurination and deamination both occur because of what reaction? a. oxidation reaction b. hydrolysis reaction c. transversion mutation

b. hydrolysis reaction

What type of mutation does depurination cause? a. deletion mutation b. transition mutation c. transversion mutation

a. deletion mutation

What type of mutation does deamination cause? a. deletion mutation b. transition mutation c. transversion mutation

b. transition mutation | cytosine to thymine

What type of mutation does ROS mediated damage cause? a. deletion mutation b. transition mutation c. transversion mutation

c. transversion mutation = a (two ring) purine is changed for a (one ring) pyrimidine, or vice versa

What type of mutation does a tautomeric shift cause? a. deletion mutation b. transition mutation

b. transition mutation

Which of the following is an example of structural DNA damage? a. deamination b. depurination c. thymine dimers d. tautomeric shift

c. thymine dimers

Which of the following mutations cause an amino acid change? a. missense b. nonsense c. makesense d. silent mutation

a. missense

Which of the following mutations causes the synthesis of a completely different protein? a. missense b. nonsense c. frameshift mutation d. silent mutation

c. frameshift mutation

Which of the following corrects deamination mutation? a. mismatch repair b. base excision repair c. nucleotide excision repair

b. base excision repair

Which of the following corrects pyrimidine dimes? a. mismatch repair b. base excision repair c. nucleotide excision repair

c. nucleotide excision repair

Which of the following repair system failures is responsible for Ataxia-telangiectasia mutation (ATM)? a. mismatch repair b. base excision repair c. nucleotide excision repair

b. base excision repair

Which of the following repair system failures is responsible for hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer? a. mismatch repair b. base excision repair c. nucleotide excision repair

a. mismatch repair

Which of the following repair system failures is responsible for xeroderma pigmentosum (XP)? a. mismatch repair b. base excision repair c. nucleotide excision repair

c. nucleotide excision repair

What is the function fo Taq DNA Polymerase? a. create cDNA b. make the DNA more stable so it doesn't denature c. hold the DNA open for the replicating enzymes to work

b. make the DNA more stable so it doesn't denature | Taq= Thermus aquaticus

how many PCR cycles does it take to get the target sequence to appear? a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 8

a. 3

If you have one initial substrate, how many PCR cycles does it take to make 16 products? a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8

b. 4 product= (2)^number of cycles

The annealing temperature (Tm) depends on primer size. What temperature is necessary for annealing this sequence "ACA ATG"? a. 14 b. 16 c. 18 d. 20

b. 16 Tm=2x(# of AT) + 4x(# of CG)

Which of the following terminates DNA synthesis? a. dNTP b. ddNTP c. dCTP d. dTTP

b. ddNTP

which of the following has a red dye? a. ddATP b. ddGTP c. ddCTP d. ddTTP

d. ddTTP

which of the following has a black dye? a. ddATP b. ddGTP c. ddCTP d. ddTTP

b. ddGTP

T/F: amplification of sanger's method geometrically progressive

False, the method only uses one primer, so it cannot grow exponentially

which of the following has a green dye? a. ddATP b. ddGTP c. ddCTP d. ddTTP

a. ddATP

what defines the target sequence of PCR? a. the dye b. the primer c. dNTP

b. the primer

which of the following has a blue dye? a. ddATP b. ddGTP c. ddCTP d. ddTTP

c. ddCTP

Which of the following is the smallest? a. tRNA b. rRNA c. mRNA

a. tRNA

Which of the following is the most heterogeneous type (can have varying lengths)? a. tRNA b. rRNA c. mRNA

c. mRNA

Which of the following is the most common? a. tRNA b. rRNA c. mRNA

b. rRNA

Which of the following is more active? a. euchromatin b. heterochromatin

a. euchromatin

Which of the following is more positive? a. euchromatin b. heterochromatin

b. heterochromatin

Which of the following is a pre-requisite for mRNA? a. RNA polymerase I b. RNA polymerase II c. RNA polymerase III

b. RNA polymerase II

Which of the following is a pre-requisite for rRNA? a. RNA polymerase I b. RNA polymerase II c. RNA polymerase III

a. RNA polymerase I

Which of the following is a pre-requisite for tRNA? a. RNA polymerase I b. RNA polymerase II c. RNA polymerase III

c. RNA polymerase III

Which of the following promoters is farthest away from the start of transcription? a. Hogness box b. CAAT box c. TATA box

b. CAAT box | Hogness box= TATA box

Which of the following unwinds the local DNA? a. RNA polymerase I b. RNA polymerase II c. RNA polymerase III

b. RNA polymerase II

What does the death cap mushroom do? a. inhibits mRNA synthesis by binding to RNA poly II b. causes ROS build up by inhibiting mitochondrial activity c. adds acetyl group to chromatin to unwind and tangle all DNA

a. inhibits mRNA synthesis by binding to RNA poly II

mRNA does through co- and post-transcriptional modifications. Which of the following is a post-transcriptional modification? a. 5' capping b. 3' poly-A tail

b. 3' poly-A tail | a= co-transcription because the mRNA needs to be protected and stabilized right away

Which of the following needed an ATP substrate to install? a. 5' capping b. 3' poly-A tail

b. 3' poly-A tail

In what direction os the 5' cap added? a. 3'->5' b. 5'->3' c. 5'->5'

c. 5'->5' | triphosphate linkage

Which of the following aid in intron splicing? a. snRNA b. snRNPs c. snoRNA d. miRNA

b. snRNPs

Which RNA splicing mutation type originated because of a homozygous mutation? a. β0 thalassemia b. β+ thalassemia

a. β0 thalassemia

Which RNA splicing mutation type originated because of a point mutation? a. β0 thalassemia b. β+ thalassemia

b. β+ thalassemia

Which of the following mice is more likely to get diseases? a. their mom is given a normal diet and supplements b. the agouti gene is hypomethylated c. the agouti gene is hypermethylated

b. the agouti gene is hypomethylated

Which of the following bee is more likely to become a worker bee? a. DNA methyltransferase gene is hypomethylated b. DNA methyltransferase gene is hypermethylated c. one given royal honey

a. DNA methyltransferase gene is hypomethylated

Where does methylation most commonly occur? a. third carbon of CpG's Guanine b. fifth carbon of CpG's Cytosine c. third carbon of ApT's Adenine d. fifth carbon of ApT's Thymine

b. fifth carbon of CpG's Cytosine

Which of the following induces gene expression? a. acetylation of histones b. deacetylation of histones

a. acetylation of histones

Which of the following is true? a. housekeeping genes are expressed under certain conditions b. cis-acting DNA elements attach to trans-acting molecules to activate or suppress genes c. trans-acting molecules bind to cis-acting DNA elements to activate or suppress genes d. trans-acting molecules are synthesized from the targeted gene

c. trans-acting molecules bind to cis-acting DNA elements to activate or suppress genes

What is FALSE about glucocorticoid receptor? a. inactivated form found in the cytosol b. responds to hormones c. the steroid receptor complex needs a coactivator to regulate genes d. they're all true

d. they're all true

Which of the following is where the peptide bonds of proteins are formed? a. A-site b. P-site c. E-site

a. A-site

Which of the following is where free tRNA exits? a. A-site b. P-site c. E-site

c. E-site

Which of the following is where protein initiation begins? a. A-site b. P-site c. E-site

b. P-site

What is the function of the anticodon arm of tRNA? a. accepts new amino acids b. read genetic codes

b. read genetic codes

Which of the following delivered the third amino acid in a protein? a. elongator tRNA b. initiator tRNA

a. elongator tRNA | only the first AA is delivered by initiator tRNA

What is the function of aa tRNA synthetase? a. activate tRNAs into aa tRNA b. helps free tRNA exit the ribosome c. proof-read d. A&B e. B&C e. A&C

e. A&C

Which of the following accurately describes the double-sieve proofreading mechanism? a. proofreading site receives correct AA then it participates in translation b. the hydrolytic site receives correct AA then it participates in translation c. the hydrophobic site receives correct AA then it participates in translation d. the hydrophilic site receives correct AA then it participates in translation

c. the hydrophobic site receives correct AA then it participates in translation

Which of the following amino acids is the first on in prokaryotes? a. Methioine b. fMethionine

b. fMeth | a= initiator aa of eukaryotes

Which of the following is the initiator codon? a. AUG b. UGA c. UAG d. UAA

a. AUG | the rest are stop codons

Which of these factors inhibits 50s binding (in the 30S complex)? a. IF1 b. IF2 c. IF3

c. IF3

Which of these factors blocks the A-site of the 30S complex? a. IF1 b. IF2 c. IF3

a. IF1

Which of these factors place initiator tRNA at the P-site (in the 30S complex)? a. IF1 b. IF2 c. IF3

b. IF2

Which of these factors does NOT participate in joining the 50s subunit to the 30s complex? a. IF1 b. IF2 c. IF3

c. IF3

In which of the following does the first codon (AUG) lie in the Kozak sequence? a. prokaryotic cells b. eukaryotic cells

b. eukaryotic cells

Which elongation factor of prokaryotes stabilizes the aa tRNA and helps it get to the A-site? a. Ts b. Tu

b. Tu

Which of the following proteins start synthesis in the ribosome? a. catagory 1 b. catagory 2 c. category 3 d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the following proteins end the synthesis in the ribosome? a. catagory 1 b. catagory 2 c. category 3 d. A&B e. A&C f. all of the above

e. A&C

Which of the following proteins has a targeting sequence at the N-terminus that gets cleaved after it reaches its destination? a. nuclear proteins b. mitochondrial proteins c. cytosol proteins d. peroxisomal proteins

b. mitochondrial proteins

Which of the following proteins have a targeting sequence at the N-terminus that does NOT get cleaved after it reaches its destination? a. nuclear proteins b. mitochondrial proteins c. cytosol proteins d. peroxisomal proteins

a. nuclear proteins

What is signal peptide?

Helps ribosomes couple to the ER

Which is FALSE about signal peptide? a. hydrophobic middle b. function differs based on protein c. present on the N-terminus d. contains 15-36 amino acids

b. function differs based on protein | function is consensus, always the same

Where does N-linked glycosylation occur? a. cytoplasm b. mitochondria c. ER d. golgi

c. ER | the enzymes are only present in the ER

What best describes protein trafficking? a. the move from the Golgi to the ER b. the move from the ER to the Golgi c. degrades proteins that are misfolded

b. the move from the ER to the Golgi

Describe the exposed region of chaperones? a. hydrophobic b. hydrophilic

a. hydrophobic

Which soluble proteins have an M6P marker? a. nuclear proteins b. mitochondrial proteins c. cytosol proteins d. lysosomal proteins

d. lysosomal proteins

Which enzyme recognizes incorrectly folded proteins? a. glucosyltransferase b. glucosidase I c. glucosidase II

a. glucosyltransferase

Where does O-linked glycosylation occur? a. cytoplasm b. mitochondria c. ER d. golgi

d. golgi

Which enzyme recognizes correctly folded proteins? a. glucosyltransferase b. glucosidase I c. glucosidase II

c. glucosidase II

Which of the following is involved in making the primary and secondary protein structure? a. side chain b. N-terminus c. C-terminus d. B&C

d. B&C

Which of the following is involved in making the tertiary and quaternary protein structure? a. side chain b. N-terminus c. C-terminus

a. side chain

In which direction does the primary protein structure get synthesized? a. C terminus to N terminus b. N terminus to C terminus

b. N terminus to C terminus

How do you identify the labeled amino acids during protein sequencing?

column chromatography

Which of the following are formed by proline and glycine? a. α helix b. β sheet c. β turn

c. β turn | a disruption in the secondary protein structure makes a β turn

Describe the most commonly found α helix? a. needs a minimum of 3 amino acids to make b. needs a minimum of 4 amino acids to make c. needs a minimum of 5 amino acids to make d. heat stable

b. needs a minimum of 4 amino acids to make

Which of the following structure has the highest concentration of α helix? a. Myoglobin b. Keratin c. Chymotrypsin

b. Keratin

Which describes the most commonly found β-Sheet? a. parallel b. antiparallel

b. antiparallel

What are the functional parts of a secondary protein structure called? a. motif b. domain

a. motif | cannot function alone

Describe the β sheets that make up β Barrels? a. parallel b. antiparallel

b. antiparallel

What are the functional parts of a tertiary protein structure called? a. motif b. domain

b. domain | can function alone

Quaternary structure subunits are held together by a. S-S bond b. Covalent bond c. Non-covalent bond

c. Non-covalent bond | via side chain

NAD+ is an example of which of the following? a. isoenzyme b. coenzyme c. cofactor

b. coenzyme

Which of the following is an isoenzyme indicating damage of heart muscle? a. creatine kinase 1 b. creatine kinase 2 c. creatine kinase 3

b. creatine kinase 2

Mg & Fe are examples of which of the following? a. isoenzyme b. coenzyme c. cofactor

c. cofactor

Which of the following is an isoenzyme indicating damage of skeletal muscle? a. creatine kinase 1 b. creatine kinase 2 c. creatine kinase 3

c. creatine kinase 3

Which of the following is true about Vmax? a. can be measured directly by adding lots of substrate b. unchanged by competitive inhibitors c. unchanged by noncompetitive inhibitors

b. unchanged by competitive inhibitors

Which of the following is true about Km? a. low Km indicated high substrate enzyme affinity b. high Km indicates high substrate enzyme affinity c. unchanged by competitive inhibitors

a. low Km indicated high substrate enzyme affinity

Which is true about lovastatin? a. competitive inhibitor that treats hypercholesterolemia b. competitive inhibitor that treats hypocholesterolemia c. non-competitive inhibitor that treats hypercholesterolemia d. non-competitive inhibitor that treats hypocholesterolemia

a. competitive inhibitor that treats hypercholesterolemia

Which is true about non-competitive inhibitors? a. change Km b. change Vmax c. both changed d. both unchanged

b. change Vmax

Give an example of a commonly used suicide inhibitor (suicide inactivation)?

penicillin, aspirin, & allopurinol

Which of the following is FALSE about trypsinogen? a. made in the small intestine b. activated by proteolysis c. trypsin is the active form which can activate more trypsinogen

a. made in the small intestine | it's actually made in the exocrine pancreas

Why does cooperativity or enzymes not follow the Michaelis-Menten Equation?

because it causes the rate & substrate concentration graph to make a sigmoid curve (‘S-shaped’) which does not obey the equation

Which of the following is most useful to control the activity of an enzyme that works with a high substrate concentration? a. V effector b. X effector c. K effector d. Y effector

a. V effector

Which of the following is most useful to control the activity of an enzyme that works with a low substrate concentration? a. V effector b. X effector c. K effector d. Y effector

c. K effector

Which of the following enzymes decrease in activity once phosphorylated? a. glycogen synthase b. glycogen phosphorylase

a. glycogen synthase | B's activity increases

What is true about allosteric effectors? a. always increase enzymatic activity b. always decrease enzymatic activity c. controls enzymatic activity via active site d. changes protein configuration

d. changes protein configuration

Which enzymatic amino acids do phosphate groups get added or taken away from for regulation?

serine, threonine or tyrosine

Where is the highest amount of glycogen stored? a. intestine b. kidney c. muscle d. liver

c. muscle

Where is the highest amount of glycogen per mass unit stored? a. intestine b. kidney c. muscle d. liver

d. liver

Why does the glycogen in muscle not released to other tissues? a. lacks G-1-P enzyme b. lacks G-6-P enzyme c. lacks phosphoglucomutase d. hexokinase enzyme

b. lacks G-6-P enzyme

Which of the following makes a branched glycogen link? a. α-1,4 b. α-1,6

b. α-1,6

How many glucose units can Glycogenin catalyze on its own? a. 5 b. 6 c. 7 d. 8

d. 8

Which amino acid does Glycogenin need to start Glycogen synthesis? a. proline b. tyrosine c. serine

b. tyrosine

Which of the following enzymes make the α-1,6 branches? a. phosphoglucomutase b. amylo-(1,4 -1,6)- transglycosylase

b. amylo-(1,4 -1,6)- transglycosylase

how are glycogen's α (1-4) bonds cut? a. by using an inorganic iron b. by using an inorganic phosphate c. by using an inorganic calcium ion

b. by using an inorganic phosphate

Describe the effect of insulin on the liver? a. increases glycogen breakdown b. increases glycogen synthetase c. increases glycogen phosphorylase

b. increases glycogen synthetase

Which of the following is the glycogen substrate? a. G-1-P b. G-6-P c. glucose d. UDP-glucose

d. UDP-glucose

Which of the following enzymes increase in activity once phosphorylated? a. glycogen synthase b. glycogen phosphorylase

b. glycogen phosphorylase

Which of the following indicates a spontaneous reaction? a. positive free energy (G) b. negative free energy (G)

b. negative free energ y (G)

Which of the following is used to store phosphate bonds in muscle? a. Phosphocreatine b. Phosphoenolpyruvate

a. Phosphocreatine | Phosphocreatine gives phosphates to ADP, making ATP that the muscle can use

Which of the following indicates an enzyme that gives phosphates? a. phosphatase b. kinase

b. kinase

Which of the following is associated with catabolic reactions? a. NADPH b. NADH

b. NADH

NADPH is associated with a. biosynthetic reactions b. catabolic reactions

a. biosynthetic reactions | anabolic

phenylalalnine hydroxylase enzyme (PAH) converts phenylalanine to a. serine b. threonine c. tyrosine d. proline

c. tyrosine | convert it by adding an -OH

Which of the following about Phenylketonuria is FALSE? a. causes accumulation of PHE in blood b. treated with PHE-free diet c. physical and mental retardation is reversible if PHE levels become normal

c. physical and mental retardation is reversible if PHE levels become normal (they're irreversible)

How is Phenylketonuria inherited? a. autosomal recessive trait b. x-linked recessive trait

a. autosomal recessive trait | 25% chance a child gets it if both parents are carriers

How is Hemophilia inherited? a. autosomal recessive trait b. x-linked recessive trait

b. x-linked recessive trait | 50% of boys and 25% of girls get it if mother is carrier

What characterizes hemophilia type B? a. deficiency in coagulation factor VII (F7) b. deficiency in coagulation factor VIII (F8) c. deficiency in coagulation factor IX (F9) d. deficiency in coagulation factor X (F10)

c. deficiency in coagulation factor IX (F9) | B= hemophilia type A

Which type of mutation causes a more severe form of hemophilia? a. inversion mutation b. point mutation

a. inversion mutation

Which of the following is found in neurons? a. GLUT-1 b. GLUT-2 c. GLUT-3 d. GLUT-4

c. GLUT-3

Which of the following is found in RBC's? a. GLUT-1 b. GLUT-2 c. GLUT-3 d. GLUT-4

a. GLUT-1

Which of the following is found in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue? a. GLUT-1 b. GLUT-2 c. GLUT-3 d. GLUT-4

d. GLUT-4 | the number increases by insulin

glucokinase is a. hexokinase I b. hexokinase II c. hexokinase III d. hexokinase IV

d. hexokinase IV | located in the liver

Which of the following has a higher Km? a. glucokinase b. hexokinase

a. glucokinase | higher Km and thus a lower affinity

Which of the following has a higher Vmax? a. glucokinase b. hexokinase

a. glucokinase

Which of the following is the glycolysis rate-limiting enzyme? a. aldolase B b. hexokinase c. PFK-1 d. enolase

Phosphofructokinase-1

What are the three irreversible glycolysis reactions?

Hexokinase Phosphofructokinase-1 Pyruvate kinase

Which of the following can be stimulated by insulin? a. hexokinase I b. hexokinase II c. hexokinase III d. hexokinase IV

d. hexokinase IV | aka glucokinase

Which of the following cleaves the F-1,6-biphosphate? a. aldolase B b. hexokinase c. PFK-1 d. enolase

a. aldolase B

Which of the following increases the amount of glucokinase? a. glucose b. insulin b. F-6-P

b. insulin | glucose allosterically activates it, but it doesn't make more of the actual enzyme

Which of the following activates PFK-1 enzyme? a. citrate b. H+ c. ATP d. ADP

d. ADP | fructose-2,6-bisphosphate also activates it

Which of the following bifunctional enzyme components does insulin activate? a. phosphofructokinase-2 (PFK-2) b. Fructose 2,6- bisphosphatase (F-2,6-BP)

a. phosphofructokinase-2 | when it's activated, it makes fructose-2,6-bisphosphate which stimulates glycolysis

Which of the following bifunctional enzyme components does glucagon activate? a. phosphofructokinase-2 (PFK-2) b. Fructose 2,6- bisphosphatase (F-2,6-BP)

b. Fructose 2,6- bisphosphatase | when it's activated, it breaks down fructose-2,6-bisphosphate which stimulates glycolysis

Which of the following is FALSE about fructose-2,6-bisphosphate function? a. increase glycolysis b. decrease fructose-6-phosphate c. stimulates PFK-1

b. decrease fructose-6-phosphate

Which of the following is stimulated when phosphorylated? a. phosphofructokinase-2 (PFK-2) b. Fructose 2,6- bisphosphatase (F-2,6-BP) c. Pyruvate kinase

b. Fructose 2,6- bisphosphatase | phosphofructokinase-2 of the heart is also active when phosphorylated

Which of the following phosphorylates the bifunctional enzyme? a. insulin b. glucagon

b. glucagon | phosphorylating it stimulates the fructose 2,6- bisphosphatase part, which will inhibit glycolysis

What's the second most common cause of enzyme deficiency- related nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia? a. Hexokinase deficiency b. Phosphofructokinase-1 deficiency c. Pyruvate kinase deficiency

c. Pyruvate kinase deficiency

Which of the following requires the patient to stop lactose intake? a. Aldolase B deficiency b. Fructokinase deficiency c. Galactose 1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) deficiency

c. Galactose 1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) deficiency

Which of the following causes cataracts and mental retardation? a. Aldolase B deficiency b. Fructokinase deficiency c. Galactose 1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) deficiency

c. Galactose 1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) deficiency

Which of the following causes F-1-P build up intracellularly? a. Aldolase B deficiency b. Fructokinase deficiency c. Galactose 1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) deficiency

a. Aldolase B deficiency

Which of the following enzymes makes pyruvate into acetyl-CoA? a. pyruvate dehydrogenase b. dihydrolipoyl transacetylase c. dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase

a. pyruvate dehydrogenase | PDH, aka E1 of the PDH complex

What's a characteristic of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome? a. caused by vitamin D deficiency b. caused by thiamine deficiency c. caused by vitamin C deficiency

b. caused by thiamine deficiency | vitamin B1 deficiency

Which of the following activates pyruvate dehydrogenase complex? a. pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase b. pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase

b. pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase | takes away phosphate

Which of the following inactivates pyruvate dehydrogenase complex? a. pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase b. pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase c. Acetyl-CoA

a. pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase | gives it phosphate (PDH complex hate phosphate)

What's the rate limitiing step of the Kreb's cycle? a. malate dehydrogenase b. Succinate dehydrogenase c. Succinyl Thiokinase d. isocitrate dehydrogenase

d. isocitrate dehydrogenase

Which of the following make a GTP? a. malate dehydrogenase b. Succinate dehydrogenase c. Succinyl Thiokinase d. isocitrate dehydrogenase

c. Succinyl Thiokinase

Which of the following make a NADH? a. malate dehydrogenase b. Succinate dehydrogenase c. Succinyl Thiokinase d. isocitrate dehydrogenase

a. malate dehydrogenase

Which of the following make a FADH(2)? a. malate dehydrogenase b. Succinate dehydrogenase c. Succinyl Thiokinase d. isocitrate dehydrogenase

b. Succinate dehydrogenase

Which of the following can accept two electrons? a. flavoproteins b. Iron-sulfur centers

a. flavoproteins | B= can only bind one

Which of the following causes progressive encephalopathies? a. complex I deficiency b. complex II deficiency c. complex III deficiency

a. complex I deficiency

Which of the following is hydrophobic? a. flavoproteins b. Iron-sulfur centers c. ubiquinone

c. ubiquinone

Which of the following inhibits coenzyme Q10 (aka ubiquinone)? a. flavoproteins b. statins c. Iron-sulfur centers d. ubiquinol

b. statins

What does the cytosine of the Iron-sulfur centers provide the iron? a. D ligand b. H ligand c. M ligand d. S ligand

d. S ligand

Which of the following enzymes plays an important role in Complex II? a. malate dehydrogenase b. Succinate dehydrogenase c. Succinyl Thiokinase d. isocitrate dehydrogenase

b. Succinate dehydrogenase

How many of the following reduce ubiquinone into ubiquinol? a. complex I b. complex II c. complex III d. complex IV

``` a. complex I & b. complex II & c. complex III ```

Which of the following is an electron donor to complex III? a. cytochrome C b. cytochrome C1 c. ubiquinol

c. ubiquinol

Which of the following is an electron donor to complex IV? a. cytochrome C b. cytochrome C1 c. ubiquinol

a. cytochrome C

Which of the following can accept two electrons? a. cytochrome C b. ubiquinol

b. ubiquinol | A= can only bind one

Which part of cytochrome C aids in donating or receiving electrons? a. proline b. lysine c. serine

b. lysine

Cyanide blocks electron transfer in which complex? a. complex I b. complex II c. complex III d. complex IV

d. complex IV

Cytochrome oxidase makes water in which complex? a. complex I b. complex II c. complex III d. complex IV

d. complex IV

COX deficiency causes heart abnormalities and affects tissues of the skeletal muscles, it is also known as a. cytochrome C deficiency b. ubiquinol deficiency c. complex III deficiency

a. cytochrome C deficiency

Which portion of ATP synthase (aka complex V) rotates? a. F0 b. F1

a. F0 | the stalk also rotates

How many hydrogens does complex V need to transport to make one ATP? a. 3 b. 4 c. 5 d. 9

a. 3

In what direction does the gamma subunit of ATP synthase rotate? a. clockwise b. counterclockwise

a. clockwise

Which of the following is FALSE about uncouplers? a. prevent oxidative phosphorylation b. stimulate respiration c. enhance the H+ gradient d. produced in brown adipose tissue

c. enhance the H+ gradient | it reduces the gradient

What are the chances of inheriting a mitochondrial disease if your father and grandfather both have it? a. 0% b. 25% c. 75% d. 100%

a. 0% | it has maternal transmission!

What is the function of each of these enzymes? A. pyruvate kinase B. pyruvate carboxylase

``` A= makes pyruvate from PEP B= breaks down pyruvate into OAA ```

Which of the following needs biotin? a. phosphoenolpyruvate b. phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase c. pyruvate carboxylase d. pyruvate kinase

c. pyruvate carboxylase

Where is pyruvate carboxylase found? a. mitochondrial matrix b. cytosol b. ER

a. mitochondrial matrix

how many ATP's and GTP's does gluconeogenesis use?

4 ATP & 2 GTP

How many ATP's does glycolysis make per cycle?

2 ATP's

Which of the following is inhibited by ATP? a. fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase b. glucose 6-phosphatase c. phosphofructokinase

c. phosphofructokinase | glycolysis enzyme

Which of. the following is a gluconeogenic enzyme? a. fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase b. glucokinase c. PFK1 d. pyruvate kinase

a. fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase

Which occurs because of beta cell destruction? a. type 1 diabetes b. type 2 diabetes

a. type 1 diabetes

Which occurs because of insulin resistance? a. type 1 diabetes b. type 2 diabetes

b. type 2 diabetes

In which of the following does ketosis most likely occur? a. type 1 diabetes b. type 2 diabetes

a. type 1 diabetes

where is the SRC gene normally found? a. nucleus b. mitochondria c. cytosol d. ER

c. cytosol

What controls the RAS gene? a. methylation b. ATP or ADP binding c. GTP or GDP binding d. the src gene

c. GTP or GDP binding

How is the RAS gene activated?

base mutations & amplification

Which of the following is FALSE about the pentose phosphate pathway? a. it's anabolic b. it makes ribose-5-phosphate c. it makes NADH d. it occurs in the mitochondria

d. it occurs in the mitochondria | it occurs in the cytoplasm

``` Which is an immediate product of the pentose phosphate pathway? A. ATP B. NADH C. NAD+ D. 2,3 bis-P-glycerate ```

B. NADH

``` The non-oxidative stage of the pentose phosphate pathway is primarily designed to make A. R-5-P B. NADH C. NAD+ D. 2,3 bis-P-glycerate ```

A. R-5-P

Which is true about collagen synthesis? a. procollagen is trimmed in the cytoplasm b. collagen fibrils lie transversally to bind c. the fibrils are overlying 75% or their length

c. the fibrils are overlying 75% or their length | procollagen is trimmed in the extracellular space and the collagen fibrils lie longitudinally

how is procollagen modified in the rough ER? a. hydroxylation of proline b. hydroxylation of serine c. hydroxylation of lysine

a. hydroxylation of proline

Which of the following is required by lysyl oxidase to aid in collagen crosslinking? a. Fe b. Cu c. C d. Mg

b. Cu | needed for crosslinking between lysine residues

Which of the following diseases occurs due to reduced glycine concentration? a. Ehlers Danlos syndrome b. Osteogenesis imperfacta

b. Osteogenesis imperfacta | A=mutation in collagen gene

Why is collagen degradation induced by UV light? a. due to DNA mutations b. damages the glycine precursors c. activates collagenases

c. activates collagenases

How do restriction endonucleosomes differentiate between bacterial and viral DNA? a. the bacterial DNA is methylated b. the viral DNA is methylated c. the viral DNA is tagged

a. the bacterial DNA is methylated

What is a palindrome?

When a sequence of bases on either strand of the DNA is the same when read in a 5’ to 3’ direction

Which of the following forms a blunt end? a. enzymes that cleave in the middle b. enzymes that form staggered cuts

a. enzymes that cleave in the middle (b= sticky/cohesive ends

``` Which one of the following sequences is most likely to be a restriction enzyme recognition sequence? a. 5’-CAGGAC-3’ 3’-GTCCTG-5’ b. 5’-ATGCTA-3’ 3’-TACGAT-5’ c. 5’-GAATTC-3’ 3’-CTTAAG-5’ d. 5’-ATCCTA-3’ 3’-TAGGAT-5’ e. 5’-AGATAC-3’ 3’-TCTATG-5’ ```

c. 5’-GAATTC-3’ | 3’-CTTAAG-5’

Which of the following forms a recombinant DNA molecule? a. two sticky ends from the same restriction enzyme get ligated b. two blunt ends get covalently bonded by ligase

b. two blunt ends get covalently bonded by ligase

What is true about the amino acid shift that leads to sickle cell a. the normal Hb is more positive that Hbs b. Val is placed at position 6 c. deletion mutation

b. Val is placed at position 6 | the Hb is more negative than the mutated Hbs, and the disease is caused by missense mutation

Which of the following forms the amyloid plaque deposits of Alzheimer's? a. 40 aa AB fragment b. 42 aa AB fragment c. 47 aa AB fragment

b. 42 aa AB fragment

What's FLASE about CF? a. absent or nonfunctional Cl- channels b. autosomal recessive inheritance c. pancreas obstructed which blocks digestive enzymes d. CF gene on chromosome 6

d. CF gene on chromosome 6 | it's on chromosome 7

What type of mutation leads to CF? a. missense b. nonsense c. deletion d. inversion

c. deletion | phe 508 of exon 10 is deleted

The most common method of diagnosing CF is via sweat test. Which drug is used to induce the sweat?

pilocarpine