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FB1 Past Exams > extra phsiology Q's (midterm) > Flashcards

extra phsiology Q's (midterm) Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe neural communication

a. slow and diffuse
b. fast and sharply localized
c. mediated via chemicals

A

b. fast and sharply localized

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2
Q

Which of the following has a higher total body water?

a. male
b. female

A

a. male

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3
Q

during normal situations, which have the highest water output?

a. sweat
b. urine
c. lung evaporation

A

b. urine

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4
Q

during situations of prolonged heavy exercise, which have the highest water output?

a. sweat
b. urine
c. lung evaporation

A

a. sweat

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5
Q

Which has a higher percentage of the bodys water?

a. Transcellular fluid
b. Extracellular fluid
c. Intracellular fluid

A

c. Intracellular fluid

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6
Q

Describe the Donan effect

a. responsible for higher positive ions in the plasma due to more protein presence
b. responsible for higher positive ions in the interstitial fluid due to more protein presence

A

a. responsible for higher positive ions in the plasma due to more protein presence

more proteins- which have a negative charge- are in the plasma pulling the positive ions towards it

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7
Q

What’s the osmotic pressure needed to prevent osmotic movement of a solution with concentration of 1mOsm/L?

a. 9.7 mmHg
b. 11.5 mmHg
c. 14.6 mmHg
d. 19.3 mmHg

A

d. 19.3 mmHg

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8
Q

What is inversely proportional to the Rate of diffusion?

a. Concentration gradient
b. Surface area
c. Temperature
d. Distance

A

d. Distance

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9
Q

Which is saturable?

a. diffusion
b. facilitated diffusion
c. aquaporins

A

b. facilitated diffusion

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10
Q

Which of the following is also known as capillary hydrostatic pressure?

a. capillary pressure
b. ISF pressure
c. plasma colloid osmotic pressure
d. interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure

A

a. capillary pressure

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11
Q

Which of the following cause osmosis of fluid outward through the capillary membrane and into ISF?

a. capillary pressure
b. ISF pressure
c. plasma colloid osmotic pressure
d. interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure

A

d. interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure

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12
Q

Which of the following causes osmosis pulling of fluid from ISF towards capillary?

a. plasma colloid osmotic pressure
b. interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure

A

c. plasma colloid osmotic pressure

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13
Q

Which of the following pulls fluid from capillary to ISF?

a. positive ISF pressure
b. negative ISF pressure

A

b. negative ISF pressure

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14
Q

lack of nutrition causes

a. Intracellular Edema
b. Extracellular Edema

A

a. Intracellular Edema

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15
Q

Which is most common?

a. Intracellular Edema
b. Extracellular Edema

A

b. Extracellular Edema

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16
Q

What occurs to ISF osmolarity during Isotonic Expansion?

a. increase
b. decrease
c. no change

A

c. no change

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17
Q

What occurs to ISF volume during Isotonic Contraction?

a. increase
b. decrease
c. no change

A

b. decrease

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18
Q

What occurs to ECF osmolarity when Drinking sea water?

a. increase
b. decrease
c. no change

A

a. increase

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19
Q

What occurs to ECF volume when both salt and water are lost from body (Na loss > water loss)?

a. increase
b. decrease
c. no change

A

a. increase

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20
Q

What occurs to ECF volume when a patient sweats excessively (high water loss)?

a. increase
b. decrease
c. no change

A

b. decrease

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21
Q

What occurs to ECF volume when Drinking too much pure water?

a. increase
b. decrease
c. no change

A

a. increase

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22
Q

Which of the following is isotonic?

a. 0.09% NaCl
b. 9% NaCl
c. 9g in 100ml of water
d. 9g in 1000ml of water

A

d. 9g in 1000ml of water

0. 9% NaCl

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23
Q

Which of the following is on the cytoplasmic membrane?

a. v-snare
b. t-snare

A

b. t-snare

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24
Q

Which is responsible for endocytosis?

a. Clathrin
b. COP I
c. COP II

A

a. Clathrin

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25
Which uses microtubules for faster transport? a. COP I b. COP II
b. COP II
26
Which is responsible for retrograde transport? a. Clathrin b. COP I c. COP II
b. COP I
27
Which describes COP I? a. transporting proteins from cis end of the Golgi to the rough ER b. transporting proteins from trans end of the Golgi to the rough ER c. transporting proteins from the rough ER to the cis end of the Golgi
a. transporting proteins from cis end of the Golgi to the rough ER
28
What do Translocon protein do? a. wraps around vesicles & help with integration b. exocytosis c. insertion of integral membrane proteins into the membrane
c. insertion of integral membrane proteins into the membrane
29
What stops sodium from going into potassium channels? a. diameter of pore b. nature of amino acid side groups
b. nature of amino acid side groups | sodium is smaller than potassium
30
describe an activated voltage-gated channel a. more negative on the inside b. more positive on the inside
b. more positive on the inside | amino acids of the channel move up, changing the structure and opening the channel
31
How do local anesthetics effect voltage gated channels? a. dramatically increase refractory period b. prevent membrane recovery/rest c. bind to and stop channel activation
c. bind to and stop channel activation
32
Which receptor does curare inhibit? a. Nicotinic receptor b. Muscarinic receptor c. neither d. both
a. Nicotinic receptor
33
Which receptor does acetylcholine activate? a. Nicotinic receptor b. Muscarinic receptor c. neither d. both
d. both
34
belladonna plant extract can act as an antagonist to which of the following? a. Nicotinic receptor b. Muscarinic receptor c. neither d. both
b. Muscarinic receptor
35
Which of the following causes a drop in blood pressure and heart rate when activated? a. Nicotinic receptor b. Muscarinic receptor c. neither d. both
b. Muscarinic receptor
36
Which of the following causes muscle contraction when activated? a. Nicotinic receptor b. Muscarinic receptor c. neither d. both
a. Nicotinic receptor
37
Which causes paralysis? a. atropine b. curare
b. curare
38
Where is potassium most concentrated? a. intracellular b. extracellular
a. intracellular
39
Where is sodium most concentrated? a. intracellular b. extracellular
b. extracellular
40
Which describes an electrogenic transporter? a. causes a loss of one positive charge to the outside the cell b. causes a loss of one negative charge to the outside the cell c. causes a difference in ionic distribution
c. causes a difference in ionic distribution
41
Which of the following pulls K into the cell? a. Concentration gradient b. Electric gradient b. both d. neither
b. Electric gradient | concentration gradient pull is outwards
42
Which of the following pulls Na out of the cell? a. Concentration gradient b. Electric gradient b. both d. neither
d. neither | both Concentration & Electric gradient pull it inside the cell
43
Which is more permeable? a. Na+ b. K+
b. K+ | many more K+ leak channels than Na+ leak channels
44
Which travel long distances without amplitude or strength loss? a. action potential b. graded potential
a. action potential
45
During depolarization, which of the following channels are open? a. K+ channels b. Na+ channels
b. Na+ channels | they close during the overshoot, then potassium channels open
46
During repolarization, which of the following channels are open? a. K+ channels b. Na+ channels
a. K+ channels
47
Which of the following undergo the positive feedback cycle? a. K+ channels b. Na+ channels
b. Na+ channels
48
Which have a constant amplitude every time? a. action potential b. graded potential
a. action potential
49
Which of the following have an AP with Plateau? a. sinus node b. ventricular muscle
b. ventricular muscle
50
Which of the following Rhythmic AP Phases is also called the Plateau Phase? a. Phase 0 b. Phase 1 c. Phase 2 d. Phase 3 e. Phase 4
c. Phase 2
51
Why does the Plateau Phase occur? a. The balance between K+ voltage-gated channels & Na+ voltage-gated channels b. The balance between K+ voltage-gated channels & Ca+ voltage-gated channels c. The balance between Na+ voltage-gated channels & Ca+ voltage-gated channels
b. The balance between K+ voltage-gated channels & Ca+ voltage-gated channels
52
What's true about the AP with Plateau in smooth muscle vs cardiac muscle? a. more prolonged plateau in smooth muscle b. calcium channels open more slowly in cardiac muscle c. calcium channels remain open much longer in cardiac muscle
a. more prolonged plateau in smooth muscle | in smooth muscle, the plateau is longer and the Na channels open slower and stay open longer
53
What's true about Rhythmic AP? a. RMP is more negative than usual b. Has a small hyperpolarization
b. Has a small hyperpolarization | RMP is LESS negative than usual
54
HCN channels are activated in response to a. depolarization b. repolarization c. hyperpolarization
c. hyperpolarization HCN channel= hyperpolarization activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel
55
Which has the biggest intracellular gap? a. Electrical synapse b. Chemical synapse
b. Chemical synapse
56
Which has cytoplasmic continuity between the neurons? a. Electrical synapse b. Chemical synapse
a. Electrical synapse
57
Which has bidirectional transport? a. Electrical synapse b. Chemical synapse
a. Electrical synapse
58
Which has active zones? a. Electrical synapse b. Chemical synapse
b. Chemical synapse
59
Give an example of an amino acid that acts as a synaptic transmitter
Glycine Glutamate (main excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS) Aspartate
60
Where is Ca most concentrated? a. Intracellular b. Extracellular
b. Extracellular
61
Which of the following has a hyperpolarization effect? a. Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) b. Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
b. Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
62
Which need 2 acetylcholine (Ach) molecules to trigger conformational change? a. Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (nAChR) b. Type-A γ-aminobutyric acid receptors (GABA ARs)
a. Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (nAChR)
63
Which mediates a rapid inhibitory synaptic transmission? a. Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (nAChR) b. Type-A γ-aminobutyric acid receptors (GABA ARs)
b. Type-A γ-aminobutyric acid receptors (GABA ARs)
64
which mediate fast, ligand-gated transmission? a. Ionotropic receptor b. Metabotropic receptors
a. Ionotropic receptor Metabotropic= slow, G-protein coupled
65
Which occurs at the same synapse? a. Special summation b. Temporal summation
b. Temporal summation
66
Which crosses a synapse to reach the target cell? a. Neurocrine b. Neuroendocrine
a. Neurocrine
67
Which has a faster response? a. Plasma membrane receptors b. Intracellular receptors
a. Plasma membrane receptors
68
Which regulate gene transcription? a. Plasma membrane receptors b. Intracellular receptors
b. Intracellular receptors
69
How many Ca molecules is Calmodulin able to bind with? a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5
c. 4
70
Which best describes a SERPENTINE receptor? a. Ligand-gated ion channels) b. Receptor-enzyme c. G protein-coupled receptor d. Integrin receptor
c. G protein-coupled receptor
71
A receptor linked with which enzyme is capable of self phosphorylation? a. Tyrosine Kinase b. Guanylyl cyclase c. Serine/Threonine kinases
a. Tyrosine Kinase
72
Which of the following has a direct relationship between ligand binding and receptor activity? a. Guanylyl cyclase b. Serine/Threonine kinases
a. Guanylyl cyclase | b= not direct
73
Which of the following mobilizes calcium from intracellular stores (ex/ ER & mitochondria)? a. GTP b. GDP c. IP3 d. PIP2
c. IP3
74
What attaches integrin molecules to the cytosklelton? a. antibodies b. anchor proteins c. phospholipase A2
b. anchor proteins
75
In which disease is adenylyl cyclase abnormally active? a. whooping cough b. cholera c. hypercalcemia
a. whooping cough
76
How does bordetella pertussis toxin keep adenylate cyclase active? a. increases its intracellular concentration b. blocks its inhibition c. allosterically activates it d. irreversible activation via PIPs
b. blocks its inhibition
77
cholera toxin interferes with which of the following a. Tyrosine-Kinase Linked Receptors (TKLR) b. Guanylyl Cyclase-Linked Receptors (GCLR) c. G protein Coupled Receptors (GPCR)
c. G protein Coupled Receptors (GPCR) | blocks enzyme activity of G protein, increasing cAMP
78
prolactin stimulates which of the following pathways? a. cAMP/PKA/CREB Pathway b. JAK/STAT Pathway c. TGF b /SMAD pathway
b. JAK/STAT Pathway
79
Mullerian inhibiting factor (MIF) is a part of which of the following pathways? a. cAMP/PKA/CREB Pathway b. JAK/STAT Pathway c. TGFβ /SMAD pathway
c. TGFβ /SMAD pathway
80
Which of the following enter the cell via diffusion? a. thyroid hormones b. steroid hormones
b. steroid hormones
81
Which of the following are stabilized via heat shock proteins? a. thyroid hormones b. steroid hormones
b. steroid hormones
82
Which of the following enter the cell via facilitated diffusion? a. thyroid hormones b. steroid hormones
a. thyroid hormones
83
Which of the following thyroid hormones only has receptors in the nucleus? a. T3 b. T4
a. T3

FB1 Past Exams (42 decks)

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