Extra Credit 2

Question 1

true / false

Type II necrotizing fasciitis occurs most commonly after surgical procedure.

Answer 1

false

Question 2

Which is the most effective treatment for dengue fever?

Answer 2

supportive care that focuses on fluid replenishment and electrolyte balance

Question 3

These toxins are released when food is prepared or stored improperly and, when ingested, cause food poisoning.

Answer 3

enterotoxins

Question 4

Who is most at risk to be infected with salmonellosis?

Answer 4

anyone is at risk of being infected with salmonellosi

Question 5

true / false
Impetigo (pyoderma), in which bacteria invade the skin through small cuts and microabrasions is most commonly caused by members of the Clostridium genus.

Answer 5

false

Question 6

Gas gangrene is characterized by all of these signs and symptoms but…

Answer 6

intense itchiness

Question 7

A 32 year old male was traveling in the Rocky Mountains and found himself feeling parched. He has a water bottle that allows for water to be filtered as it is being poured into the water bottle. He didn’t realize that there was a red light flashing on the water bottle, meaning that the filter needs to be changed. Ignoring the flashing red light, he continued to fill the water bottle with water from a stream he encountered during his hike in the Rocky Mountains. After completion of the hike, the 32 year old male started feeling abdominal pain, fatigue, and loss of appetite. He was experiencing watery diarrhea alternating with greasy stools. What is the infection indicated by his symptoms?

Answer 7

Giardiasis

Question 8

true / false
Although impetigo usually resolves with no complications, if it does develop into erysipelas, that may be potentially fatal.

Answer 8

true

Question 9

What is the most common causative agent of the common cold?

Answer 9

rhinoviruses

Question 10

Which of the following is true about Herpes Simplex Virus (Types I & II)

Answer 10

Primary infections are usually the most severe

Question 11

Who is susceptible to Legionnaires disease?

Answer 11

all of these are susceptible to Legionnaires’ disease
the elderly
patients with chronic respiratory problems
immunocompromised people
smokers

Question 12

Where do the staphylococci that cause bacterial endocarditis most commonly arise from?

Answer 12

normal flora of the skin

Question 13

Which of the following people most likely will get bacterial endocarditis if normal flora are inoculated into their blood?

Answer 13

A 25 year old female athlete with a heart murmur.

Question 14

Bacterial endocarditis occurs when bacteria colonize:

Answer 14

the membranes surrounding the heart and heart valves

Question 15

HIV can be transmitted by the following except:

Answer 15

kissing

Question 16

A 50 year old woman presents with vesicular skin eruption alone a dermatome. She complains of pain, itching, numbness and burning. She tells the doctor she had not been keeping up with her vaccines and missed a few of them including her Influenza vaccination and her attenuated ‘shingles’ vaccine (Zostavax). Her medical history shows she had had chickenpox as a young girl. What is her diagnosis?

Answer 16

shingles

Question 17

Most of the time, particularly in children, the infections with Hepatitis A Virus usually results in an asymptomatic infection. People who are symptomatic exhibit all symptoms except?

Answer 17

excessive hemorrhaging from eyes, nose, and mouth

Question 18

Which is a characteristic of people experiencing the first stage of Lyme disease?

Answer 18

erythema migrans (bulls eye rash)

Question 19

How is the agent that causes tuberculosis transmitted?

Answer 19

inhalation of droplets from other humans

Question 20

true / false

The process of digestion and other associated processes eliminate all gastrointestinal pathogens.

Answer 20

False

Question 21

Human African Trypanasomiasis is transmitted by which of the following?

Answer 21

from the bite of an infected tsetse fly

Question 22

What populations are MOST at risk for contracting Lyme disease in the United States?

Answer 22

people in New England and the northern mid-Atlantic states

Question 23

true / false

One of the causative agents for malaria is Plasmodium falciparum.

Answer 23

true

Question 24

The best method to prevent the transmission of most arboviral encephalitides is to?

Answer 24

manage and control known vectors (mosquitoes, ticks)

Question 25

What is the best way to prevent the contraction of amoebic dysentery?

Answer 25

avoid ingesting fecally-contaminated produce or water

Question 26

Which of the following is not a virulence factor of the causative agent of giardiasis?

Answer 26

a potent enteroxin that acts as a superantigen

Question 27

Which of the following is not a symptom of Human African Trypanosomiasis?

Answer 27

bright red skin rash

Question 28

Which of these diseases can be diagnosed through a Gram stain revealing Gram negative diplococci?

Answer 28

gonorrhea

Question 29

Normal dental plaque typically arises from which of the following microorganisms?

Answer 29

a variety of normal flora found in the oral cavity working with Strepotoccus mutans

Question 30

true / false | Giardiasis can be asymptomatic.

Answer 30

true

Question 31

A 22 year old man comes into Urgent Care with complaints of painful urination and a yellow colored discharge. After running tests on the discharge, a gram negative diplococci was identified. What is this disease and the causative agent?

Answer 31

Gonorrhea; Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Question 32

A mother takes her son to the dentist with bloody teeth, gum inflammation, and tooth loss. The dentist that stated her son had periodontal disease. What is a an effective technique to prevent this disease?

Answer 32

Daily brushing and flossing and regular professional cleanings

Question 33

How can the Hepatitis C Virus be transmitted? Select all that apply.

Answer 33

parenterally (introduction of the agent by some means other than by the mouth or digestive tract; i.e., injection of a needle)

Question 34

Bacillary dysentery, also known as shigellosis, causes which of the following symptoms? Select all that apply.

Answer 34

fever bloody diarrhea abdominal cramps

Question 35

Which is not describing trachoma?

Answer 35

thin discharge from the urethra of men

Question 36

Which of the following scenarios accurately depicts the transmission of the causative agent of tetanus:

Answer 36

When building a shed for his garden supplies, Ryan accidently steps on an old nail, which punctures into deep tissue. He then acquires the agent that causes tetanus.

Question 37

true / false | Over use of anti-inflammatory pain medications like aspirin is a risk factor for developing gastric (peptic) ulcers.

Answer 37

true

Question 38

Typhoid fever exclusively affects humans, when bacteria escape the intestine, and are phagocytized, but not degraded. The bacteria travels to the liver, spleen, bone marrow and _____________ where they can reinfect the intestines to produce repeated gastroenteritis.

Answer 38

gall bladder

Question 39

What is the best treatment for a patient who was diagnosed with the plague?

Answer 39

antibiotics

Question 40

true / false | Mycolic acids are the most significant virulence factor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis .

Answer 40

true

Question 41

true / false | The botulism toxin in the most potent microbial toxin known and one ounce could kill the entire US population.

Answer 41

true

Question 42

What are the differences in symptoms between viral pharyngitis and bacterial pharyngitis?

Answer 42

Viral pharyngitis is accompanied by a cough and hoarseness, while bacterial pharyngitis is accompanied by a fever with little to no coughing

Question 43

When is streptococcal pharyngitis most prevalent in the year and in what age group?

Answer 43

winter and spring in children

Question 44

true / false Neisseria gonorrhoeae can infect the birth canal of a pregnant mother suffering from gonorrhea and cause severe eye infections and can lead to long-term health issues and abnormalities of the fetus after delivery.

Answer 44

true

Question 45

Who is most likely to contract bacterial septicemia?

Answer 45

A 65-year-old man who is in the process of undergoing chemotherapy and develops a urinary tract infection from an indwelling catheter

Question 46

Cryptosporidiosis is a rare and opportunistic cause of acute diarrhea that can occur in anyone, but is significantly more severe and prolonged in HIV+ patients. The onset of this intense manifestation in an HIV+ patient may

Answer 46

suggest that the person's HIV infection has now progressed to AIDS

Question 47

What is one obvious sign or symptom of periodontal disease?

Answer 47

gum inflammation and traces of blood in spit while cleaning the teeth

Question 48

true / false | Bacterial enteritis is an intoxication that causes inflammation of the intestine.

Answer 48

false

Question 49

Which of the following are diseases caused by hantaviruses? (select all that apply)

Answer 49

HPS | HFRS

Question 50

true / false | Impetigo most commonly occurs in the warm, moist months in younger children.

Answer 50

true

Question 51

Effective treatments for a tetanus infection includes all of the following except

Answer 51

surgical removal of infected tissue

Question 52

Congenital infections are those in which...

Answer 52

The infection crosses from the mother to the fetus through the placental barrier

Question 53

For bacterial septicemia which of the following is the best treatment?

Answer 53

rapid diagnosis followed by treatment with an effective antibiotic

Question 54

How would one commonly diagnose a peptic ulcer?

Answer 54

detecting urease in a stomach biopsy

Question 55

How is the agent that causes giardiasis transmitted to a host?

Answer 55

drinking water containing Giardia cysts that were released from the feces of infected animals

Question 56

What is the other causative agent of Impetigo (pyoderma) in addition to Staphylococcus aureus ?

Answer 56

Streptococcus pyogenes

Question 57

true / false Type 16 and 18 of Mucosotropic HPV are more likely to integrate into the chromosomes of cervical cells and therefor are considered high risk type of human papillomaviruses.

Answer 57

true

Question 58

The most causative agent of malaria that stimulates the most severe disease is:

Answer 58

Plasmodium falciparum

Question 59

Impetigo is easily spread and highly contagious. If another person is exposed to the contagious human and in contact with the infected area, this person will get it. How else might this infection be transmitted?

Answer 59

via contaminated fomites that had been in contact with the infected individual's lesions

Question 60

A 22 year old woman has just returned from a trip to the Rocky Mountains. After a long and tiring hike, she seemed to have run out of water and decided to go to a nearby stream to hydrate herself. She has now been suffering from diarrhea, extreme abdominalpain, flatulence, nausea, vomiting, and is starting to develop a fever. She has had no underlying medical problems prior to this. What is the patient experiencing?

Answer 60

giardiasis

Question 61

Which route of infection via vertical transmission describes the infection of a fetus and is associated with the highest mortality risk?

Answer 61

congenital

Question 62

What is one of the most effective ways that the bubonic plague can be prevented?

Answer 62

flea control

Question 63

Which form of Chlamydia trachomatis allows the microbe to actually cause the infection?

Answer 63

the elementary body

Question 64

About 90% of the people infected with Entamoeba histolytica have the asymptomatic form. This form is called:

Answer 64

the luminal form

Question 65

A 7 year old child has decided to disobey the dentist and skip brushing and flossing every night. The child begins to develop a dark spot on one of their teeth and complains of extreme sensitivity. The child always is resistant in visiting the dentist, never drinks their fluoride water, and loves eating sugary bubble gum. What is likely causing the sensitivity?

Answer 65

dental caries (cavities) as a result of extrem plaque build-up

Question 66

true / false | Rabies is commonly spread person-to-person.

Answer 66

false

Question 67

An 12 week-old boy comes into the emergency room with a rash. The boy has red, wrinkling skin near the mouth and rest of body. There is large fluid filled blisters all over his body.What is his diagnosis?

Answer 67

scalded skin syndrome caused by S. aureus

Question 68

On October 15th, 2019, The New Haven Register posted an article warning locals to avoid going outside after dusk due to the threat of Eastern Equine Encephalitis —called EEE or “triple E. Nationwide, there has increase prevalence rate of Eastern Equine Encephalitis due to warmer climates. What population is most at risk of experiencing severe disease associated with Eastern Equine Encephalitis?

Answer 68

Children and Elderly individuals

Question 69

true / false | Hantavirus is transmitted by inhalation of rodent excreta

Answer 69

true

Question 70

Which is NOT a risk factor for acquiring mucosatropic human papillomaviruses?

Answer 70

eating a diet of fatty foods

Question 71

What disease is characterized by these signs and symptoms, fever, maculopapular rash, red eyes, Kolpik spots, runny nose, coughing, sneezing?

Answer 71

measles

Question 72

true / false In the African sleeping sickness(Human African Trypanasomiasis), the ability of the protozoa to undergo antigenic variation,allows the infectious agent to change the proteins on its surface, thus, rendering it difficult for the immune response to create effective responsive antibodies rapidly.

Answer 72

true

Question 73

The signs and symptoms of botulism include which of the following? (select all that apply)

Answer 73

respiratory distress progressive muscle weakness blurred vision

Question 74

Vibrio cholerae , a gram-negative rod, causes which of the following diseases in humans?

Answer 74

cholera

Question 75

What is the only SURE way to prevent sexually transmitted infections (STIs)?

Answer 75

abstinence

Question 76

How is bacterial meningitis transmitted?

Answer 76

through droplets of respiratory or throat secretions from carriers

Question 77

Neisseria meningitidis is the causative agent of

Answer 77

meningitis

Question 78

The transmission of denguevirus is from a

Answer 78

Aedes mosquitoes

Question 79

This bacterial cause of a sexually transmitted infection (a discharge disease) is know for rapidly developing antibiotic resistance (to penicillin, fluoroquinolones, and now cephalosporins)?

Answer 79

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Question 80

true / false The treatment for salmonellosis calls for antibiotics while typhoid fever is self-limiting and requires only supportive care treatment

Answer 80

false

Question 81

The bacteria that cause tetanus or most commonly associated with what environment?

Answer 81

They are commonly found in soil

Question 82

Common symptoms for bacterial septicemia include:

Answer 82

high fever, vomiting, mental confusion

Question 83

Which of the following are symptoms of primary syphilis?

Answer 83

chancre (painless sores on the genitals)

Question 84

How do mosquitoes transmit the parasite that causes malaria?

Answer 84

while feeding, they spit the parasite from their midgut through their proboscis and into the wound they created while feeding

Question 85

How is whooping cough spread from person-to-person?

Answer 85

Spread through the air in the respiratory droplets

Question 86

This enzyme of Staphylococcus aureus protects the bacteria from the host immune system by triggering clot formation around the bacteria.

Answer 86

Coagulase

Question 87

true / false | The population that is most vulnerable to meningococcal meningitis are adults 65 and older.

Answer 87

false

Question 88

true / false | You can get HIV from kissing, sneezing, coughing, sharing a glass, or using a sterile needle.

Answer 88

false

Question 89

Young people under 25 now account for what percentage of individuals living with HIV?

Answer 89

50%

Question 90

What is the role of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses?

Answer 90

creates double-stranded DNA from single-stranded RNA

Question 91

Which of these defenses are common characteristics of a healthy urogenital system? (CHECK ALL THAT APPLY)

Answer 91

flushing action of urine acidic nature of urine lactoferritin (iron-binding protein) found in urine

Question 92

What is the main difference between vaginitis and vaginosis?

Answer 92

vaginitis is associated with a lot of inflammation, whereas vaginosis has little or no inflammation

Question 93

true / false If you have removed a tick that has been on you for only 14 hours, you have virtually no chance of getting Lyme disease from that tick.

Answer 93

true

Question 94

Erysipelas occurs when the pus-filled vesicles of impetigo break open. This then spreads the microbes to the lymph nodes and causes pain. What other main symptom occurs related to erysipelas?

Answer 94

intense pain

Question 95

Which of the following is the most common method of acquisition for botulism in adults?

Answer 95

Ingestion of improperly stored or prepared food contaminated with the botulinum toxin

Question 96

Paryxosmal coughing and inhalatory whooping is associated with which disease?

Answer 96

pertussis

Question 97

true / false Chronic diarrhea lasting longer than 14 days that is caused by an infectious agent can clear on its own and does not need antibiotics.

Answer 97

False

Question 98

true / false | The most widely-available treatment for Ebolavirus is supportive care for signs and symptoms.

Answer 98

true

Question 99

Which of the following is a way a person may contract HIV?

Answer 99

sharing a needle with a person infected with HIV

Question 100

How should chlamydia be treated?

Answer 100

antibiotics