Extra document: Theories on motivation

Question 1

Different theories where motivation comes from

Answer 1

1. needs theories
2. theories on motives
3. process theories

Question 2

Two types of behaviors within needs theories

Answer 2

1. Approach behaviors: seeking out growth and goals that you find personally meaningful
2. Avoidance behaviors: minimalizing unpleasant events or conditions

Question 3

Four theories on needs

Answer 3

1. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
2. Clayton Aldefer’s ERG
3. Dual Factor Theory Herzberg
4. Theory X and Theory Y

Question 4

Clayton Aldefer’s ERG

Answer 4

3 needs: existence, relatedness, growth

Question 5

Difference Aldefer ERG theory and Maslow’s needs hierarchy

Answer 5

on how people move through the sets of needs.
Maslow: progresses up hierarchy once lower-level needs adequately satisfied
Aldefer: frustration-regression progress, redirection of effort to satisfying lower-order need category

Question 6

Theory X and Y

Answer 6

manager’s beliefs about employees shape their behavior towards employees

Question 7

Theory X

Answer 7

employees dislike responsibility, employees need to be coerced and controlled, employees are self-centered and resistant to change. Therefore, the manager needs to persuade, reward, punish, control employees

Question 8

Theory Y

Answer 8

employees seek responsibility, work is as natural as rest and play, employees have ability to be creative and ingenious. Therefore, the role of the manager is to structure the work environment in such a way as to let employees achieve higher-order personal goals.

Question 9

Theory on motives

Answer 9

Mcclelland’s learned motives theory

Question 10

MLMT, three motives

Answer 10

1. achievement motive
2. power motive
3. affiliation motive

Question 11

Process theories

Answer 11

examine how and why employees select behaviors and how they decide whether behaviors have been successful

Question 12

motives

Answer 12

to guide the selection process that directs employees’ choice of action and the level of effort they invest in their behavior

Question 13

Needs theories

Answer 13

frames motivation based on our needs. tell us what people desire but don’t tell us how people will behave

Question 14

Two process theories on motivation

Answer 14

1. Vroom’s expectancy theory
2. Theory on equity, Adams

Question 15

Theory on equity, Adams

Answer 15

Motivation can only be high when employees perceive that they are being treated fairly relative to others. Employees adjust their input based on the perceived fairness of how they are being treated compared to others

Question 16

2 Justice, theory on equity

Answer 16

1. Distributive justice: perceived fairness of the distribution of resources across different employees
2. Procedural justice: are the instruments/processes followed to determine the distribution of resources across employees considered fair/justified

Question 17

Three strategies to influence motivation within organization

Answer 17

1. Goal setting
2. Job redesign
3. Behavior modification

Question 18

Three characteristics of jobs in job design

Answer 18

1. Range: the number of tasks a jobholder performs
2. Depth: the amount of discretion an individual has to decide job activities an job outcomes
3. Relationships: group performance is affected in part by group cohesiveness

Question 19

Job characteristics model of Hackman and Oldman

Answer 19

identifies some key elements that explain why interventions of job enlargement, and enrichment are needed to tap into employees’ needs to increase their motivation

Question 20

Behavior modification

Answer 20

focused on applying different types of consequences to behavior

Question 21

4 types of consequences, behavior modification

Answer 21

1. positive reinforcers
2. (avoiding) negative reinforcers
3. punishment
4. extinction

Question 22

Positive reinforcers

Answer 22

rewarding or incentivizing desired behavior or performance to increase likelihood of continuation

Question 23

Negative reinforcers

Answer 23

employee can work harder to avoid negative reinforcer

Question 24

Extincition

Answer 24

Reducing unwanted behavior. When positive reinforcement for a learned response is withheld, individuals will continue to practice that behavior for some period of time, after while if the nonreinforcement continues, the behavior will decrease in frequency and intensity and will eventually disappear.