EXTRACTIVES

Question 1

unmodified natural preparations of plants, animals,
fungi, bacteria, or minerals that are used for the
prevention or treatment of an ailment or disease

Answer 1

CRUDE Drug

Question 2

Product of extraction procedure

Answer 2

EXTRACTIVES

Question 3

a substance or an active substance with desirable
properties removed from the tissues of a plant,
frequently by treating it with a solvent, to be used for a
particular purpose

Answer 3

EXTRACTIVES

Question 4

The amount of ______, is a measure of the amount of
certain constituents or group of related
constituents, which the drug contains.

Answer 4

extractives

Question 5

In some cases, the amount of drug soluble in a given
solvent is an ____ of its purity

Answer 5

index

Question 6

It is important that the solvent used will not dissolve
_____ quantities of substances other than those
sought in the extraction.

Answer 6

appreciable

Question 7

Properties of good solvent

Answer 7

• Low toxicity
• Ease of evaporation
• Rapid physiologic absorption of the extract
• Preservative action
• Inert – inability to cause complex

Question 8

EXTRACTION METHODS

Answer 8

v MACERATION
v PERCOLATION
v DIGESTION
v INFUSION
v DECOCTION
v ENFLEURAGE
v CONTINUOUS EXTRACTION

Question 9

is generally used for extraction
with volatile solvents where small quantities of
a drug are extracted.

Answer 9

Soxhlet apparatus

Question 10

% extractive =

Answer 10

wt of residue x 100/wt of sx

Question 11

% insoluble residue=

Answer 11

wt of sx in the thimble after drying x 100/
wt of sx

Question 12

Solvent used for resinous matter is

Answer 12

alcohol

Question 13

Determination of the ____ is
frequently employed to determine approximately the
amount of resin in those drugs in which resinous matter is
the important constituent.

Answer 13

Alcohol Soluble Extractives

Question 14

Alcohol Soluble Extractives s done using

Answer 14

Soxhlet apparatus

Question 15

Alc. Sol Extract =

Answer 15

wt of moisture-free drug - wt of
insoluble residue

Question 16

The determination of ________ Is applied to drugs
containing one or more important constituents which are soluble
in water e.g. aloe.

Answer 16

water-soluble extractives

Question 17

The determination is performed in the same way as in the
determination of diluted alcohol extractives.

Answer 17

Water-Soluble Extractives

Question 18

Water-Soluble Extractives Extraction is performed by

Answer 18

maceration

Question 19

Water sol. Extract =

Answer 19

wt of residue after drying

Question 20

for fats and fixed oils, extraction is by
continuous extraction

Answer 20

Hexane

Question 21

for resins, fixed oils, coloring matter and crude
fiber, extraction is by continuous extraction

Answer 21

Ether

Question 22

is the
residue consisting chiefly of cellulose,
(hemicellulose and lignin) that remains
undissolved after successive treatment
with boiling acid and alkali.

Answer 22

Crude Fiber Content

Question 23

plants or parts of plants eaten by livestock

Answer 23

Forages

Question 24

grass silage

Answer 24

21-28%

Question 25

maize silage

Answer 25

18-23%

Question 26

hay

Answer 26

30-35%

Question 27

straw CFC

Answer 27

40%

Question 28

wt of insoluble residue=

Answer 28

wt of sx and thimble after extraction - wt of tared thimble

Question 29

wt of CF=

Answer 29

wt of residue after treatment with acid and alkali - wt of residue after incineration

Question 30

% CF=

Answer 30

wt of CF / wt of insoluble residue

Question 31

are a huge group of naturally occurring organic compounds synthesized as secondary metabolites.

Answer 31

Alkaloids

Question 32

Alkaloids structure includes

Answer 32

nitrogen atom or atoms (amino or amido)

Question 33

Alkaloids nitrogen atoms cause ____of these compounds

Answer 33

alkalinity

Question 34

Alkaloids can react with acids and then form _____, just like inorganic alkalis.

Answer 34

salts

Question 35

Alkaloids isolation may be done by _____ or an instrumental method called ______.

Answer 35

EXTRACTION chromatography

Question 36

These nitrogen atoms in alkaloids can behave like a _____ in acid-base reactions.

Answer 36

base

Question 37

Alkaloids in pure form are usually colorless, odorless crystalline solids, but sometimes they can be ____ and have bitter taste.

Answer 37

yellowish liquids

Question 38

Alkaloids may be defined as chemical substances which:

Answer 38

(1) are obtained from plant, animal or synthetic sources (2) contain organic nitrogen(s) within their chemical structures and (3) usually possess physiological activity.

Question 39

Alkaloids (R3N) are sparingly soluble in water but readily soluble in most organic solvents immiscible in water such as _____, _____, ______

Answer 39

ether, chloroform (CHCl 3) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4).

Question 40

______ (R3+ NHCl - ) are readily soluble in water and sparingly soluble in immiscible solvents.

Answer 40

Alkaloidal salts

Question 41

Alkaloids form highly insoluble precipitates with a considerable number of reagents especially with the salts of some heavy metals such as ____, ____, _____

Answer 41

mercury, gold and platinum.

Question 42

Mercuric Iodide TS commonly known as

Answer 42

Valser’s Reagent

Question 43

Iodine TS – commonly known as

Answer 43

Wagner’s Reagent

Question 44

Mercuric Potassium Iodide commonly known as

Answer 44

Mayer’s Reagent

Question 45

% alkaloid =

Answer 45

(ml x N) a - (ml x N) b x meq sx alkaloid ----------------------------- x 100 wt of sample used

Question 46

Another way of quantifying the alkaloid, is by

Answer 46

residual precipitimetry, or Volhard titration

Question 47

The simplest way to quantify alkaloids after extraction is % alkaloid =

Answer 47

Weight of the extract ----------------------------------x 100 wt of sample used