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PHAN 1 LEC > INTRO TO SPECIAL METHODS AND ASH CONTENT > Flashcards

INTRO TO SPECIAL METHODS AND ASH CONTENT Flashcards

1
Q

natural substances

A

Vegetable or animal drugs

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2
Q

made to establish the purity, or to determine the
amount of therapeutically active constituents
present

A

Analysis of Crude Drugs

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3
Q

Analysis of Crude Drugs made to establish the purity, or to determine the
amount of therapeutically active constituents
present for the purpose of ________

A

standardization

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4
Q

Scope of Drug Evaluation

A

identity, purity and quality

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5
Q

identification of biological source
of the drug.

A

Identity

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6
Q

the quantity of the active
constituents present.

A

Quality

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7
Q

the extent of foreign organic
material present in a crude drug.

A

Purity

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8
Q

Methods of Drug Evaluation:

A

(1) Organoleptic
(2) Microscopic
(3) Physical
(4) Chemical
(5) Biological

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9
Q

It includes the visual examination of drug

A

Organoleptic

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10
Q

Gives the gross, morphological structure of
the sample

A

Organoleptic

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11
Q

Organoleptic Plant parts:

A

Barks, Underground
structures, Leaves, Flowers, Fruits,
Seeds

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12
Q

Color, odor, taste, texture, shape or
size

A

Organoleptic

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13
Q

Gives a more detailed examination of a
drug

A

Microscopic or Anatomical
Evaluation:

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14
Q

Microscopic or Anatomical
Evaluation:

Gives a more detailed examination of a
drug, even _______ (cells and
tissues) useful for plants DNA barcoding

A

histological stuctures

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15
Q

Physical contents or physical properties innate
or characteristic of specific compound in the
sample or the sample as a whole

A

Physical Evaluation

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16
Q

Physical Evaluation includes

A

✔ Moisture Content
✔ Viscosity
✔ Melting point
✔ Ash Content
✔ Extractive values
✔ Volatile oil Content
- Optical Rotation
- Refractive Index

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17
Q

Chemical constants or analytical constants,
determination of chemical constituents -

A

ash, moisture, crude fiber, and extractive

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18
Q

Tests to determine different and specific
chemical constituents

A

Chemical Evaluation

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19
Q

Tests to determine different and specific
chemical constituents -

A

estimation of
alkaloidal content, acid value, ester value
or phytoconstituents

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20
Q

They make use of various instruments for
evaluation like spectrophotometry,
chromatography, etc.

A

Physicochemical and
Instrumental

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21
Q

Determination of the effects of drugs upon
microbes, animals, as animal tissues

A

Biological Evaluation

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22
Q

This method requires special apparatus for their
performance and a technique that is not chemical
in nature.

A

Biological Evaluation

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23
Q

Digitalis

A

Pigeon

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24
Q

Insulin injection

A

HPLC (rabbit)

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25
Glucagon Injection
Cat
26
Oxytocin injection
Chicken
27
Vasopressin injection
Male rat
28
Rat, same (but of either sex)
Corticotropin injection
29
Male rat
Vasopressin injection
30
HPLC (rabbit)
Tubocurarine injection Metocurine injection Insulin injection
31
Female rat (20-23days old)
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
32
Sheep blood plasma
Heparin Protamine sulfate
33
Spectrophotometer (rachitic rat)
Cod liver oil
34
Microbiological testing Niacin
Lactobacillus plantarum
35
Microbiological testing Panthothenic acid
Lactobacillus plantarum
36
Microbiological testing Cyanocobalamin
Lactobacillus lechmannii
37
is the residue left after incineration.
Ash Content
38
Ash Content usually represents the ______ naturally occurring in the drug adhering to it.
inorganic salts
39
Ash Content may also include inorganic matter added for the purpose of ______
adulteration.
40
High ash content =
adulteration, substitution, contamination or carelessness in handling
41
This may serve as basis for judging the identity and cleanliness of a drug
Determination of Ash
42
set a maximum limit on total ash or acid insoluble ash
Ash standards
43
Total ash usually contains
carbonates, phosphates, sulfates, chlorides, oxides, etc. of calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, aluminum, iron and other metallic elements
44
is the residue after incineration using the residue after acid treatment and it represents
Acid insoluble ash silica
45
Very dull-red heat
500 to 550 °C
46
550°C to 700°C.
Dull red heat
47
Bright red heat
800°C to 1000°C
48
will convert carbonates to oxides and alkali chlorides if present may lose some chlorides by volatilization
Bright red heat = 800°C to 1000°C
49
1000 to 1200°C
Yellow red-red heat
50
White heat
1200 to 1600°C
51
°C Ca carbonates -> oxides
825 °C
52
°C – Ca phosphates -> pyrophosphates
1550 °C
53
°C – Li carbonates -> oxides
600°C
54
°C – KCl -> sublimes
1500°C
55
represents silica AND SAND
Acid insoluble ash
56
Use ASHLESS filter paper
less than 0.007% ash content
57
Acid insoluble ash formula
% acid insoluble ash = wt of acid insoluble ash x 100/wt of sample
58
Water soluble ash = represents
soluble chlorides, alkali and ammonium salts
59
Water soluble ash formula
% WSA = wt of total ash – wt of residue (upon treating with water) /wt of sample x 100
60
For determining ash content of expensive chemicals.
Residue on Ignition
61
Residue on Ignition ❖ For determining ash content of expensive chemicals. Igniting the sample to ______ and residue should not exceed ______
dull redness 500micrograms
62
volatilized and driven off under the temperature range of 800 +/- 25 degrees Celsius
Loss on Ignition
63
Loss on Ignition ❖ volatilized and driven off under the temperature range of
800 +/- 25 degrees Celsius
64
volatile matter of any kind that is driven off at 110-120 degrees Celsius
Loss on Drying
65
Loss on Drying ❖ volatile matter of any kind that is driven off at
110-120 degrees Celsius
66
When 2 consecutive weighings do not differ by more than 0.5 mg
Constant Weight
67
Constant Weight When 2 consecutive weighings do not differ by more than
0.5 mg
68
use of the five senses especially the eyes
Organoleptic
69
used in Botany
Microscopic/Anatomical
70
identification of phytochemical constituents
Phytochemical screening
71
includes the primary use of numbers or values
Chemical evaluation
72
alternative for sheep blood plasma
chicken
73
what vitamin is niacin
B3
74
what vitamin is Panthothenic acid
B5
75
what vitamin is cyanocobalamin
B12
76
incinerator
muffle furnace

PHAN 1 LEC (13 decks)

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