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anatomical sciences > Eye > Flashcards

Eye Flashcards

1
Q

how may extra ocular muscle

A

6

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2
Q

3 pupil movements

A

movement of pupil after muscle action
movement of pupil during testing muscle action
position of pupil after nerve paralysis

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3
Q

name 6 extra ocular muscle

A

superior rectus
superior oblique
median rectus
inferior oblique
inferior rectus
lateral rectus

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4
Q

2 axis and walls of orbital cavity orientation

A

medial vs lateral walls
axis of orbit vs axis of eyeball

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5
Q

basic shape of orbit

A

pyramid

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6
Q

3 axis of movement of the eye

A

horizontal
vertical
torsion

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7
Q

3 movements of the eye

A

elevation/depression
abduction / adduction
intorsion / extorsion

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8
Q

intorsion

A

the top of the eye moving towards the nose

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9
Q

extorsion

A

the superior aspect of the eye moving away from the nose

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10
Q

vertical axis

A

left and right

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11
Q

horizontal axis

A

up and down

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12
Q

torsion axis

A

towards and away from the nose

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13
Q

intorsion and extortion

A

intorsion = medial rotation, incyclotorsion
extorsion = lateral rotation. excyclotorsion

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14
Q

abduction and adduction of the eye

A

abduction = away from the nose
adduction = towards the nose

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15
Q

elevation and depression

A

elevation = up
depression = down

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16
Q

what direction would pupil face if lateral rectus contracts

A

Abduction

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17
Q

what direction would the pupil face if the superior rectus contracts

A

Elevation, incyclotorsion, adduction

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18
Q

what direction would the pupil face if the inferior oblique contracts

A

excyclotorsion, elevation, abduction

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19
Q

what direction would the pupil face if the superior oblique contracts

A

incyclotorsion, depression, abduction

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20
Q

where is the inferior oblique muscle positioned

A

starts on the floor of the cavity and then wraps around the eyeball

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21
Q

where is the superior oblique positioned

A

starts on the back and runs along the medial wall

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22
Q

what happens to the pupil when the medial rectur contracts

A

adduction

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23
Q

what happens to the pupil when the inferior rector contracts

A

depression
excyclotorsion
adduction

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24
Q

procedure of a squint or strabismus surgical correction

A

detach section of eye muscle is removed
muscle is moved back or brought forward

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25
Q

movement of pupil during testing the muscle action

A

testing for the presence of extra ocular muscle is different from their actions

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26
Q

test for superior rectus

A

look laterally and up

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27
Q

test for inferior rectus

A

look laterally and down

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28
Q

test for lateral rectus

A

look laterally

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29
Q

test for medial rectus

A

look medially

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30
Q

test for inferior oblique

A

look medially and upward

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31
Q

test for superior oblique

A

look medially and downward

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32
Q

what nerve innervated the lateral rectus

A

abducent nerve (VI)

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33
Q

what nerve innervated the superior oblique

A

trochlear nerve (IV)

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34
Q

what nerve innervates the medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique

A

oculomotor nerve (III)

35
Q

how can you work out what muscle has been paralysed

A

position of the pupil
by the position of the pupil - the movement that is missing is the muscle that has lost innervation.

36
Q

3 eyeball layers

A
  1. fibrous layer
  2. vascular layer
  3. inner layer
37
Q

what parts of the eye are in the fibrous layer

A

sclera and cornea

38
Q

look and function of the sclera

A

white
maintains shape of the eyeball

39
Q

what is the limbus junction

A

the point where the translucent sclera (anterior) meets the white sclera

40
Q

what is the lamina cribrosa

A

a defect that allows entry of the optic nerve
bulges raised intracranial pressure

41
Q

why is the sclera translucent

A

allows light to come in

42
Q

what does the cornea look like

A

transparent

43
Q

what is the sclera covered by

A

conjunctiva

44
Q

what is the palpebral fissure

A

open space between eyelids

45
Q

what are the lateral and medial commissures

A

the medial end of the eyelids and the lateral end of the eyelids

46
Q

what is the scleral buckle

A

procedure used for retinal detachment
if the scleral is bigger than it should be

47
Q

what is scleral icterus and how is it caused

A

yellow eyes
hepatic failure and jaundice
build up of bilirubin (fibrous layer)
chemical build up - liver failure

48
Q

what is the tissue that lines the inside of the eyelids and covers the sclera

A

conjunctiva
highly vascular

49
Q

what is bloodshot/red eyes

A

blood vessels on sclera dilate = blood vessels become visible
inflammation

50
Q

what does the cornea do

A

allows light to pass through
60% of the optical refractive power

51
Q

what are some conditions of the cornea

A

corneal abrasion
keratoconus

52
Q

keratoconus

A

thinning and pointing of the cornea
affects refraction ability and tends to have double / triple

53
Q

what is Fuchs endothelial dystrophy

A

inherited condition
progressive visual blurring
cornea dehydration important
inner cornea the endothelium pumps fluid from cornea to aq humour
endothelial cells do not replicate
water left in cornea = cloudy
number of cells shifting electrolytes and water diminish over time

54
Q

eye used in forensics

A

longer dead = cloudier eyes = more water stuck in cornea

55
Q

what is the vascular layer composed of

A

choroid
ciliary body
iris

56
Q

iris

A

coloured part of the eye

57
Q

where is the ciliary body located

A

ciliary muscle ring around the line
between iris and choroid

58
Q

nerve supply of the ciliary muscle

A

oculomotor nerve (CN3)

59
Q

action of the ciliary muscle

A

looking at something nearby = ciliary muscle contracts = ligaments (zonular fibres) relax = greater focusing

looking at something far away = ciliary muscle relax = more tension in suspension (zonular fibres) ligaments = flatter/longer shape

60
Q

cataract surgery

A

the inside of the diseased lens is scooped out
using phacoemulsification (Ultrasound)
replaces with new lens

61
Q

parasympathetic action of iris muscle

A

parasympathetic stimulation causes circular muscle to contract
pupil gets smaller

62
Q

sympathetic action of the iris

A

sympathetic stimulation causes radial muscle to contract
pupil widens

63
Q

dual innervation of the iris

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation

64
Q

what is Horners syndrome

A

pre or post ganglionic sympathetic Nerone damage
causes mitosis ( constricted pupil)

65
Q

hoe do drugs for dilating pupils work

A
  • mydriatic medications
  • tropic amide and atropine (parasympathetic antagonist)
  • give the opthalmogist a better view of the retina and optic nerve
  • contracts the radial pupil smooth muscle - makes pupil bigger
66
Q

where do axons exit the eyeball

A

optic disc

67
Q

optic disc

A

blind spot
void of rods and cones

68
Q

macula

A

sits behind the lens
an area of retina with high cone density

69
Q

parafovea

A

a region in the retina that circumscribes the parafovea and fovea and is a part of the macula lutea.

70
Q

fovea centralis

A

small depression
minimised bouncing of light

71
Q

ora serratus

A

most anterior limit of the retina

72
Q

when examining a patient using lighted ophthalmoscope where is the macula and optic disc

A

macula = dead centre
optic disc =right edge

73
Q

rods detect

A

black and white / shades

74
Q

cones detect

A

colour

75
Q

optic nerve diamater

A

4mm

76
Q

age related macular degeneration is

A

centre vision becomes blurry and eventually black

77
Q

retinitis pigments

A

damage on the periphery
centre bit only

78
Q

fluids in the eye

A

aqueous humour (anterior)
vitreous humour (posterior)

79
Q

vitreous humour

A

hyaloid canal
embryological remnant
hyaloid canal
jelly like substance

80
Q

what are eye floaters

A

pieces of vitreous humour that had broken off
colourless - worms or hair
tiliting head - move out the way
surgery = vitrectomy procedure

81
Q

aqueous humour

A

high turn over
fluid in posterior chamber
travels anteriorly between lens and iris
build up of aqueous humour causes glaucoma

82
Q

glaucoma

A

build up of pressure
insufficient drainage of canals of schlep then veins
iridocorneal angle could narrow

83
Q

treatment of glaucoma

A

drugs improving the Flow at the canal of schelm (drugs similar to prostaglandins)
decreasing aq humour production (beta adrenergic receptor antagonists)
vasoconstriction of arteries of the ciliary body (epinephrine)
insertion of glaucoma drainage implants

84
Q

function of hyaloid canal

A

passage of the vitreous humour

anatomical sciences (12 decks)

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