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Anatomy > Eye and Ear > Flashcards

Eye and Ear Flashcards

(101 cards)

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1
Q

Which embryonic layer forms the structures of the eye (specifically cornea and lens)?

A

Surface ectoderm

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2
Q

What 3 things make up the whole “eye”?

A

-Ocular bulb (eyeball)
-Adnexa (stuff around it)
-CNS (vison processing)

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3
Q

What occurs during eye formation/induction?

A

A brain outgrowth (optic vesicle then becomes optic cup) induces ectoderm to form lens placode/vesicle. The lens placode/vesicle then induces ectoderm to form the cornea

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4
Q

What structures does neural ectoderm form in the eye?

A

Optic nerve and retina

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5
Q

What is the difference between the visual axis and the optic axis?

A

Visual Axis: receives the most precise amount of light (a lil slanted)
Optic Axis: The horizontal axis of the eyeball

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6
Q

What structures make up the outer fibrous tunic?

A

Sclera and cornea

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7
Q

What structures make up the middle vascular tunic (aka uvea)?

A

-Choroid
-Ciliary body
-Iris
-Lens (AVASCULAR)

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8
Q

Which structure makes up the inner nervous tunic?

A

Retina

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9
Q

What is the ora serrata?

A

The junction between where there are photoreceptors and where there aren’t

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10
Q

What is the area called between the sclera and the cornea?

A

Limbus

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11
Q

What is the cribiform area and what is it continuous with?

A

The cribiform area is where the axons of the retina pass into the optic nerve (CN2). Its continuous with the dura mater of CN2

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12
Q

How is the cornea transparent?

A

Lamellar collagen is oriented at 90 degrees

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13
Q

Which layer contains the tapetum lucidem in some animals?

A

The choroid. It sits behind the retina and sends like back to increase photoreceptor stimulation

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14
Q

What is a ciliary body?

A

A choroid thickening with smooth muscle and zonular fibers that suspend the lens and allow for accommodation (focus light on retina)

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15
Q

What are the two muscles in the iris and what do they do?

A

Sphincter (concentric) muscle that contracts and makes pupil smaller.
Dilator (radial) muscle that contracts and makes pupil bigger.

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16
Q

Which cells in the retina send axons to CN2 through the cribiform area in the sclera?

A

Ganglionic cells

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17
Q

What is the macula/fovea?

A

The area of highest visual acuity, densest concentration of receptor cells, defines the visual axis

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18
Q

Which structures refract light?

A

-Cornea
-Lens
-Aqueous humor in anterior chamber
-Vitreous humor in posterior chamber

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19
Q

What is aqueous humor?

A

Fluid in the anterior chamber that is produced by the ciliary bodies and continuously replaced. Provides pressure, nutrition, and refraction.

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20
Q

What does aqueous humor drain through?

A

A venous plexus

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21
Q

What is vitreous humor?

A

Jelly-like stuff in the posterior chamber. It doesn’t get replaced, holds the retina in place, and refracts light

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22
Q

What 3 structures make up the eye socket?

A

-Bony orbit
-Fascia
-Ocular fat

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23
Q

What kind of structures are included in the fascia of the eye socket?

A

-Periorbita (fibrous, continuours with orbit bone periosteum)
-Superficial muscular (levator palpebri, lacrimal gland, fat)
-Deep muscular (ocular muscles, fat)

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24
Q

What is the function of having ocular fat?

A

Padding, allows for easy movement of eyeball

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25
What are the extraocular muscles?
-Dorsal, ventral, medial, and lateral rectus muscles -Dorsal and ventral oblique muscles -Retractor bulbi
26
What are the dorsal and ventral oblique eye muscles deflected around?
Deflected around trochlea in orbit.
27
What is the function of the extraocular oblique muscles?
Compensate for rotation caused by rectus muscles and axial rotation (visual axis and cone axis aren't aligned)
28
What does the retractor bulbi muscle do?
Pulls eyeball caudally into socket
29
Where do all the extraocular muscles originate? (except for ventral oblique)
At the apex of the bony orbit near orbital fissure
30
Where does the ventral oblique muscle originate?
From the medial wall of the orbit
31
What are the 3 layers of the palpebrae (eyelids)?
-Outer skin -Middle musculofibrous -Inner mucous membrane (conjunctiva)
32
What structures are included in the middle musculofibrous layer of the eyelids?
-Orbicularis oculi -Levator palpebri -Tarsus and tarsus glands
33
What is the conjunctiva?
A continuous membrane between lids and bulb that meet at the fornices
34
What is the nictitating membrane (conjunctival fold)?
A third eyelid in animals, supported by cartilage and closes when the outer eyelids close
35
Where is the lacrimal gland located and what does it do?
Located dorsolaterally to eye, produces aqueous fluid (tears)
36
What are the holes called that tears drain into?
Puncta lacrimalia
37
Which duct to tears drain into?
Nasolacrimal duct and evaporate in nasal cavity
38
What does tear film contain?
A fatty film from the tarsal glands and mucous from goblet cells in conjunctiva
39
Which artery supplies blood to the eye and its adnexa?
External opthalmic artery
40
Which artery does the external opthalmic artery branch from?
Maxillary artery
41
What do the ciliary arteries supply blood to?
Retina Choroid Ciliary body Iris
42
What is the path of venous drainage in the eye?
From vorticose veins into the superior and inferior opthalmic veins, then to cavernous sinus/pterygoid plexus
43
How many cranial nerves innervate the eye?
6 (CN2-7)
44
What type of nerve is CN2 (optic) and what does it innervate?
SSA. Sensory input to brain
45
What type of nerve is CN3 (oculomotor) and what does it innervate?
SE, VE. D, V, M recti V oblique retractor bulbi levator palpebri Ciliary body Iris sphincter and dilator
46
What type of nerve is CN4 (trochlear) and what does it innervate?
SE. Dorsal oblique
47
What type of nerve is CN5 (trigeminal) and what does it innervate?
SA. Opthalmic branch: Long ciliary, lacrimal, supraorbital nn. Maxillary branch: Zygomatic (to lower eyelid)
48
What type of nerve is CN6 (abducens) and what does it innervate?
SE. Lateral rectus Retractor bulbi
49
What type of nerve is CN7 (facial) and what does it innervate?
SE. Auriculopalpebral nn. to orbicularis oculi
50
What does having eyes on the front of the head improve?
Stereoscopic vision (depth perception). Better for predators
51
What does having eyes on the side of the head improve?
Field of vision. Seen in prey species
52
Which cranial nerve supplies the ear structures?
CN8 (vestibulocochlear)
53
What does the vestibule part of the vestibulocochlear organ do?
Perception of position and movement of head and body in space
54
What does the cochlear part of the vestibulocochlear organ do?
Perception of sound (hearing)
55
What are the 3 parts that make up the ear?
External ear Middle ear Internal ear
56
What structures make up the external ear?
-Auricle (pinna) -External auditory meatus -Tympanic membrane
57
What structures make up the middle ear?
-Tympanic cavity -Auditory ossicles -Auditory (eustachian tube)
58
What structures make up the internal ear?
-Vestibular apparatus -Cochlea
59
What is the internal ear contained within?
Petrous temporal
60
Which parts of the ear are involved in hearing and which parts are involved in balance?
Hearing: external, middle and internal Balance: Internal only
61
What are the functions of the auricle?
-Receives and directs soundwaves through meatus towards tympanic membrane -Protects ear canal and tympanic membrane
62
How can auricles be independently mobile?
If cartilage and auricular muscles are sufficient (from auriculopalpebral branch of CN7)
63
What are features of the external acoustic meatus?
-Long and curved -Distal cartilaginous part (long) -Proximal osseous part (short)
64
What epithelium is the external acoustic meatus lined with and what do the glands in it produce?
Lined with stratified squamous epithelium. Sebaceous glands produce cerumen (earwax)
65
What are the 3 histologic layers of the tympanic membrane?
1) Outer epithelial lining 2) Connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibres (tympanic ring) 3) Inner mucous membrane towards tympanic cavity
66
Which ossicle inserts on the tympanic membrane?
Malleus
67
What is the function of the tympanic membrane?
Transmission of sound waves from air to auditory ossicles (mechanical vibration)
68
What structures are in the dorsal part of the tympanic cavity?
Auditory ossicles Tensor tympani m. Stapedius m.
69
What structures are in the middle part of the tympanic cavity?
Tympanic membrane Eustachian tube
70
What structures are in the ventral part of the tympanic cavity?
Tympanic bulla
71
What are the 4 fenestrae in the tympanic cavity?
-Tympanic membrane -Oval window -Round window -Eustachian tube opening
72
Which muscle inserts on the malleus?
Tensor tympani
73
Which muscle inserts on the stapes?
Stapedius
74
What is the function of the tensor tympani m. and stapedius m.?
Adjust tension, modulate vibration, dampen internal sounds (like chewing)
75
Which part of the malleus is embedded in the tympanic membrane?
Manubrium (handle)
76
Which part of the stapes is attached to the vestibular (oval) window?
The footplate
77
Why are the middle ear ossicles important?
They magnify soundwave energy by >20x and initiate the wave in endolymph of inner ear
78
What is the function of the eustachian tube?
Connect nasopharynx and tympanic cavity for pressure equalization (when u open mouth to pop ears)
79
What type of fluid is the bony labyrinth filled with?
Perilymphatic fluid
80
What type of fluid is the membranous labyrinth filled with?
Endolymphatic fluid
81
Which of the two inner ear fluids is responsible for stimulating receptor cells?
Endolymphatic fluid
82
How many semicircular canals does the vestibular organ have and how are they oriented?
3 semicircular ducts WITHIN semicircular canals. There's anterior, posterior, and lateral oriented at 90 degrees from each other
83
Which structures in the semicircular canals contain sensory receptors (hair things) for movement of endolymphatic fluid?
Ampullae (near the utriculus)
84
What are maculae?
Structures in the utriculus/sacculus that contain statoconia (otoliths) and stimulate sensory cells when head is moved
85
Which structures make up the cochlea?
-Spiral canal -Modiolus -Spiral lamina -Cochlear duct *Pls look at diagrams of cochlea i do not know how to describe this thing srry
86
Which part of the cochlea contains receptors?
Cochlear duct
87
What are the two chambers of the cochlea?
Scala vestibuli (SV) Scala tympani (ST)
88
What separates the SV and the ST?
Cochlear duct, spiral lamina, and spiral membrane
89
What kind of fluid are the SV and ST filled with?
Perilymphatic fluid
90
What is the helicotrema?
The apex of the spiral canal where the SV and ST connect
91
What type of fluid is in the cochlear duct?
Endolymphatic fluid
92
Which cochlear chamber communicates with the oval (vestibular) window?
Scala vestibuli
93
Which cochlear chamber communicates with the round window?
Scala tympani
94
Which direction does fluid movement in the cochlea always move in?
From SV to ST
95
What is the membrane called that the waves in the SV move?
The spiral (Reissner) membrane
96
How do waves in the SV get transmitted to receptor cells?
The waves in the SV move the spiral (Reissner) membrane, which displaces the endolymph in the cochlear duct and the basilar membrane, which contains the receptor cells
97
What is the organ of Corti?
The receptor cells of the cochlea that get stimulated
98
What is the receptor cell impulse communicated to?
Spiral ganglion in spiral canal of modiolus and onto CN8
99
Which area of the cochlea responds to lower frequencies?
Farther up sections (if that makes sense)
100
Which area of the cochlea responds to higher frequencies?
The closer sections
101
What is another name for the round window?
Cochlear fenestra

Anatomy (41 decks)

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