Eye Tutorial (Lotsa Buzzwords) Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
is the top or bottom lid of the eye more important?
A
top
2
Q
why do bacteria commonly colonise in the meibonian glands?
A
very oily - an ideal environment for colonisation
3
Q
where is the meibonian gland’s location?
A
in the tarsal plate behind eyelashes
4
Q
what fruit is the orbit said to resemble?
A
a pear
5
Q
what controls the opening of the eyelid
A
levator palpebrae superioris superior rectus (muller's muscle)
6
Q
what controls closing of the eyelid?
A
orbicularis oculi
7
Q
what nerve innervates the LPS
A
CN3
8
Q
what nerve innervates the orbicularis oculi
A
CN7
9
Q
3 classic symptoms of horner’s syndrome
A
ptosis- eye droop
miosis- tiny pupil
anhydrosis- sweat gland failure
10
Q
what muscle isn’t working in horner’s syndrome to cause ptosis?
A
muller’s muscle
11
Q
innervation of mullers muscle?
A
sympathetic
12
Q
what determines whether an eye cellulitis is preseptal or orbital?
A
if it is anterior (preseptal) or posterior to the orbital septum
13
Q
cellulitis of what region is the most serious?
A
orbital
14
Q
where is the orbital septum located?
A
posterior to the orbicularis oculi
15
Q
is orbital cellulitis sight threatening?
A
yes
16
Q
what part of the orbicularis oculi is responsible for closing the eye?
A
orbital part
17
Q
what part of the orbicularis oculi is responsible for blinking?
A
palpebral
18
Q
where is the lacrimal sac located?
A
immediately medial to the lacrimal punctum
19
Q
where is the lacrimal gland located?
A
supralateral to the eye on the brow bone
20
Q
what innervation is needed to facilitate tear production?
A
trigeminal nerve (CNV1)
21
Q
list the 3 phases of the tear film from anterior to posterior?
A
lipid phase
aqueous phase
mucus phase
22
Q
if both eyes are affected in an eye presentation, what is the most likely cause?
A
allergy
23
Q
if one eye is affected in an eye presentation, what is the most likely cause?
A
inflammation
24
Q
how to tell the difference between orbital and preseptal cellulitis?
A
orbital will present with a defined border around the orbit and a runny nose indicative of sinusitis
25
motor supply to the tear film?
CN7 parasympathetic
26
what covers the inner surface of the eyelids?
palpebral conjunctiva
27
what kind of conjunctiva lines the eyeball?
bulbar conjunctiva
28
what kind of conjunctiva contains follicles and papillae?
palpebral
29
baby/old person with a thick watery eye that isn't red?
blocked tear duct (lacrimal duct obstruction)
30
best way to manage a blocked tear duct?
massage the area to break down membranes
31
how can you have a watery eye due to dry eyes?
lacrimal gland oversecretes tears in response to the dryness
32
how to treat solidified meibonian gland secretions?
warm them to "melt" them
33
cause of a dry eye in diabetics?
sensory neuropathy
34
the conjunctiva is self-healing T or F
T
35
why is the palpebral conjunctiva very vascular?
to allow entry of O2
36
where in the eye does deep conjunctivitis present?
limbus
37
symptom of a deep conjunctivitis?
photophobia
38
what is a fornix?
inner red part of eyelid
39
where can follicles be found in the eye?
inferior fornix of the palpebral conjunctiva
40
if there are bilateral follicles on the eye with a red eye what would you suspect?
adenoviral conjunctivitis
41
if there are unilateral follicles on the eye with a red eye what would you suspect?
chlamydial conjunctivitis
42
name the main layers of the cornea from anterior to posterior
epithelium
stroma
endothelium
43
preauricular nodes sore on 1 side during exam on someone with a red eye?
adenoviral conjunctivitis
44
what part of the cornea contains collagen? how is it arranged?
stroma
| regularly spaced
45
what part of the cornea can regenerate?
epithelium
46
why are the cells arranged the way they are in the cornea?
maintains clarity of the cornea
47
cataract at what part of the lens is worst?
back
48
how is the lens divided in cataract surgery
USS vacuum aspirate
49
how does the lens attach to the ciliary body?
zonules
50
how does the lens relax for acute vision?
sympathetic fibres decrease the tension of zonular fibres
51
name the outer and inner part of the lens
cortex - outer
| nucleus - inner
52
main 3 parts of the uvea?
iris
ciliary body
choroid
53
main roles of the uveal tract?
provides pigment and nutrition
54
name the 4 layers of the eye from anterior to posterior
retina
uvea
sclera
cornea
55
which part of the lens is curved and which is flat?
front is flat
| back is curved
56
findings of uveitis on slit lamp examination?
cells and flare
57
only a few uveal structures are pigmented T or F
F, all are
58
where does aqueous humour drain to?
canal of schlemm
59
does vitreous humour regenerate?
not very well
60
name the response of a pupil getting light shone in it
direct response
61
name the response of the pupil next to the one getting light shone in it
consensual response
62
where does the sympathetic pathway of the eye end?
hypothalamus
63
what nerve is in charge of dilating the pupil?
long ciliary nerve
64
what nerve is in charge of constricting the pupil?
short ciliary nerve
65
what are the ciliary nerves a branch of?
CNV1
66
causes of horners syndrome and why?
```
pancoast tumour
brain tumour
trauma
carotid artery dissection
= all affect the sympathetic pathway to the eye
```
67
3 elements of the accommodation reflex
convergence of the eyes
pupillary constriction
contraction of the ciliary muscle
68
what effect does contraction of the ciliary muscle have on the zonule fibres
decreases their tension
69
name the only 2 muscles of the eye not supplied by CN3 and their innervations
superior oblique- CN4
| lateral rectus- CN6
70
presentation of 3rd nerve palsy on examination
eye facing inferolaterally with ptosis
71
management of new onset painful horners syndrome?
emergency scan, could be a stroke
72
complications of horner's syndrome?
stroke
73
consequences of 3rd nerve palsy and why?
aneurysms due to possble occlusion of the posterior communicating artery
74
where does the trochlear nerve arise from?
dorsal aspect of the brainstem
75
what nerve palsy produces a palsy of the contralateral muscle?
trochlear nerve CN4
76
why can hydrocephalus cause CN4 palsy?
trochlear nucleus lies just below the cerebral aqueduct
77
via which foramen does CN4 enter the eye?
superior orbital fissure
78
does CNV1 convey the afferent or efferent arm of the eye?
afferent
79
what nerve supplies the tip of the nose?
CNV1
80
what nerve supplies the side of the nose?
CNV2
81
if hutchison's sign is present on the tip of the nose, where should you look next and why?
cornea as it is also innervated by CNV1 and may also be affected by shingles
82
where does CN6 arise from?
pons
83
role of the abducens nerve on the eye?
motor innervation to lateral rectus
84
main cause of CN6 nerve palsy and why?
raised intracranial pressure
| very thin nerve and is easily stretched
85
which eye nerve experiences palsy more than the others?
CN6
86
how to tell which eye is the squint?
shint a light directly in the middle, look at which eye is looking directly at the light
87
what is the common tendinous ring?
a fascial ring that holds the tendons of each eye muscle
88
symptoms of optic neuritis
painful eye movements
| poor colour vision
89
main imaging used in opthalmology?
MRI (for soft tissue)
90
where in the retina do cones and rods lie
```
cones = in middle, on fovea
rods = in periphery
```
91
why does optic neuritis cause pain on eye movements?
optic nerve sheath is attached to the common tendinous ring
92
strongest muscle of all the recti/
MR
93
what muscle is affected by a blowout fracture?
IR
94
what epithelium covers the pigmented epithelial cells of the retina
cuboidal
95
how long do you have to treat an end artery occlusion?
90 mins
96
what happens to the nasal retinal fibres at the optic chiasm?
they cross over
97
what happens to the temporal fibres at the optic chiasm?
continue ipsilaterally
98
the opthalmic artery is a branch of what?
internal carotid artery
99
the opthalmic artery is an end artery T or F
T
100
"vascular tunic which supplies the outer layers of the retina"
choroid
101
quick management of an occlusion?
vasodilate -> digital massage if finger, breath into paper bag
paracenthesis once in hosp
102
most common cause of an opthalmic artery occlusion?
carotid artery embolis from stroke/stenosis
103
how to analyse the optic disc
CCC
cup- what does the middle of it look like
colour
contour- is it defined?
104
signs of CRAO on fundoscopy?
milky retina
| cherry red spot
105
how to tell what eye you're looking at on fundoscopy?
disc on left = left eye
106
is a CRAO or CVO sometimes asymptomatic?
CVO
107
dies a CRAO or CVO look worse on endoscopy?
CVO
108
new floaters, flashing lights, no pain and change of vision in someone with a past surgery?
retinal detachment
109
what eye pathology commonly has horseshoe tears?
retinal detachment
110
Ix for suspected orbital blowout fracture?
CT
111
how to tell difference between arteries and veins on fundoscopy
arteries more silver and small
| veins thicker and redder
