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2 Opthalmology > Visual Loss > Flashcards

Visual Loss Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

causes of sudden visual loss?

A 
vascular
vitreous haemorrhage
retinal detachment
macular degeneration (age)
closed angle glaucoma
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2
Q

is a vascular problem likely to cause sudden or gradual vision loss

A

sudden

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3
Q

main blood supply of the eye?

A

branches of the opthalmic artery

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4
Q

name 2 ways in which a vascular problem can present in the eye?

A

occlusion

haemorrhage

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5
Q

what vessel occlusions can cause sudden visual loss

A

central retinal artery

optic nerve head circulation

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6
Q

what vessel haemorrhaes can cause sudden visual loss?

A

abnormal blood vessels eg diabetes

retinal tear

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7
Q

how much of the retina is supplied by the central retinal artery?

A

inner 2/3

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8
Q

what is the blood supply to the outer 1/3rd of the retina

A

choroid

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9
Q

symptoms of a central retinal artery occlusion?

A

sudden visual loss

painless

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10
Q

signs of CRAO on examination?

A

relative afferent pupil defect

pale oedematous retina, thread like vessels

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11
Q

main cause of CRAO?

A

carotid artery disease

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12
Q

opthalmic management of CRAO?

A

ocular massage if it presents within 24hrs

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13
Q

vascular management of CRAO?

A

doppler to find source

manage and assess risk factors

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14
Q

what eye occlusion presents with a “curtain coming down” over the eye?

A

transient CRAO

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15
Q

how long does transient CRAO last for?

A

5 mins

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16
Q

signs of transient CRAO on exam?

A

usually nothing

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17
Q

Tx of TRAO?

A

aspirin

refer to stroke clinic

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18
Q

list the components of virchow’s triad?

A

atherosclerosis
hypertension
hyperviscosity

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19
Q

what kind of eye problem can an issue with virchow’s triad cause?

A

CRVO

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20
Q

how severe and sudden is the onset of visual loss in CRVO?

A

moderate to severe loss

very sudden

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21
Q

signs of CRVO on fundoscopy?

A

retinal haemorrhages
dilated tortuous veins
disc and macular swelling

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22
Q

Tx for CRVO?

A

monitor
anti-VEGF
lifestyle change

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23
Q

main cause of sudden visual loss in arteries?

A

embolism

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24
Q

main cause of sudden visual loss in veins?

A

stasis

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25
what artery other than the central retinal artery can cause sudden visual loss when occluded?
branch retinal artery
26
does an arterial or venous occlusion look pale on fundoscopy?
arterial
27
2 sources of haemorrhage in the eye?
abnormal blood vessels | retinal tear
28
another phrase for occlusion of the optic nerve head circulation?
ischaemic optic neuropathy
29
what vessels become infarcted to cause ischaemic optic neuropathy?
posterior ciliary arteries
30
sudden, profound vision loss with a swollen disc?
ischaemic optic neuropathy
31
name the 2 types of ION and what causes them?
arteritic- GCA | non-arteritic- atherosclerosis
32
what does the disc look like in ION?
pale and swollen
33
ION is irreversible T or F
T
34
Tx for ION caused by GCA?
immediate high dose systemic steroid
35
where does a haemorrhage often go into in the eye?
vitreous cavity
36
bleeding from a retinal tear occurs from new vessels: T or F
F, comes from normal vessels
37
bleeding from a retinal vein occlusion occurs from new vessels T or F?
T
38
symptoms of vitreous haemorrhage?
loss of vision | floaters
39
what condition presents with loss of red reflex?
vitreous haemorrhage
40
Tx for vitreous haemorrhage?
vitrectomy
41
loss of vision in retinal detachment is painful T or F?
F
42
symptoms of retinal detachment?
painless loss of vision flashes floaters
43
do you get relative afferent pupillary defects in retinal detachments?
yes
44
what is ARMD?
age related macular degeneration
45
symptoms of wet ARMD?
rapid central visual loss | distorsion
46
signs of wet ARMD on fundoscopy?
haemorrhage | exudate
47
Tx of wet ARMD?
anti-VEGF treatment
48
another word for progressive optic neuropathy
glaucoma
49
how can glaucoma cause visual loss?
can get optic nerve damage
50
presentation of closed angle glaucoma
``` painful red eye visual loss headache nausea vomiting ```
51
cause of closed angle glaucoma?
aqueous humour faces resistance causing increased intraocular pressure
52
does gradual visual loss usually occur bilaterally or unilaterally?
bilaterally
53
causes of gradual visual loss?
``` cataract ARMD refractive error glaucoma diabetic retinopathy ```
54
"cloudiness of the lens" is experienced in what?
cataract
55
why should you check red reflex in neonates?
intrauterine infection can cause congenital cataract
56
what type of cataract is referred to as "christmas tree cataract"?
polychromatic cataract
57
cataract symptoms?
gradual decline in vision | glare
58
treatment of cataract?
surgical removal with intraocular lens implant if patient is symptomatic
59
difference between dry and wet macular degeneration?
``` dry= gradual reduction in vision wet= sudden reduction in vision ```
60
what part of the vision is missing in dry ARMD?
central vision
61
symptoms of dry ARMD?
gradual decline in vision | central vision missing
62
what is drusens sign?
build up of waste products below RPE
63
appearance of dry ARMD on fundoscopy?
atrophic patches of retina
64
Tx of dry ARMD?
no cure; supportive
65
what is a refractive error?
eye cannot focus on an image clearly
66
what is myopia?
short sightedness
67
what is hypermetropia?
long sightedness
68
what is astigmatism?
irregular corneal curvature
69
what is presbyopia?
loss of accommodation with aging
70
what type of glaucoma can present with no symptoms?
open angle
71
signs of glaucoma on fundoscopy?
cupped disc visual field defect high IOP
72
Tx of open angle glaucoma?
eye drops laser surgery to preserve vision

2 Opthalmology (13 decks)

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